Plant-made #vaccine antigens against #malaria

This paper is an overview of vaccine antigens against malaria produced in plants. Plant-based expression systems represent an interesting production platform due to their reduced manufacturing costs and high scalability. At present, different Plasmodium antigens and expression strategies have been optimized in plants. Furthermore, malaria antigens are one of the few examples of eukaryotic proteins with vaccine value expressed in plants, making plant-derived malaria antigens an interesting model to analyze. Up to now, malaria antigen expression in plants has allowed the complete synthesis of these vaccine antigens, which have been able to induce an active immune response in mice. Therefore, plant production platforms offer wonderful prospects for improving the access to malaria vaccines.

REFERENCE:
Clemente M, Corigliano MG. Overview of plant-made vaccine antigens against malaria. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:206918.
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Algae-based oral recombinant vaccines

Recombinant subunit vaccines are some of the safest and most effective vaccines available, but their high cost and the requirement of advanced medical infrastructure for administration make them impractical for many developing world diseases. Plant-based vaccines have shifted that paradigm by paving the way for recombinant vaccine production at agricultural scale using an edible host. However, enthusiasm for “molecular pharming” in food crops has waned in the last decade due to difficulty in developing transgenic crop plants and concerns of contaminating the food supply. Microalgae could be poised to become the next candidate in recombinant subunit vaccine production, as they present several advantages over terrestrial crop plant-based platforms including scalable and contained growth, rapid transformation, easily obtained stable cell lines, and consistent transgene expression levels. Algae have been shown to accumulate and properly fold several vaccine antigens, and efforts are underway to create recombinant algal fusion proteins that can enhance antigenicity for effective orally delivered vaccines. These approaches have the potential to revolutionize the way subunit vaccines are made and delivered – from costly parenteral administration of purified protein, to an inexpensive oral algae tablet with effective mucosal and systemic immune reactivity.

REFERENCE:
Specht EA and Mayfield SP. Algae-based oral recombinant vaccines. Front Microbiol. 2014; 5: 60.
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Plant-derived virus-like particles as vaccines

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are self-assembled structures derived from viral antigens that mimic the native architecture of viruses but lack the viral genome. VLPs have emerged as a premier vaccine platform due to their advantages in safety, immunogenicity, and manufacturing. The particulate nature and high-density presentation of viral structure proteins on their surface also render VLPs as attractive carriers for displaying foreign epitopes. Consequently, several VLP-based vaccines have been licensed for human use and achieved significant clinical and economical success. The major challenge, however, is to develop novel production platforms that can deliver VLP-based vaccines while significantly reducing production times and costs. Therefore, this review focuses on the essential role of plants as a novel, speedy and economical production platform for VLP-based vaccines. The advantages of plant expression systems are discussed in light of their distinctive posttranslational modifications, cost-effectiveness, production speed, and scalability. Recent achievements in the expression and assembly of VLPs and their chimeric derivatives in plant systems as well as their immunogenicity in animal models are presented. Results of human clinical trials demonstrating the safety and efficacy of plant-derived VLPs are also detailed. Moreover, the promising implications of the recent creation of "humanized" glycosylation plant lines as well as the very recent approval of the first plant-made biologics by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for plant production and commercialization of VLP-based vaccines are discussed. It is speculated that the combined potential of plant expression systems and VLP technology will lead to the emergence of successful vaccines and novel applications of VLPs in the near future.

REFERENCE:
Chen Q1, Lai H. Hum Plant-derived virus-like particles as vaccines. Vaccin Immunother. 2013 Jan;9(1):26-49.
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Biologically hazardous agents at work and efforts to protect workers' health: a review of recent reports

Because information on biological agents in the workplace is lacking, biological hazard analyses at the workplace to securely recognize the harmful factors with biological basis are desperately needed. This review concentrates on literatures published after 2010 that attempted to detect biological hazards to humans, especially workers, and the efforts to protect them against these factors. It is important to improve the current understanding of the health hazards caused by biological factors at the workplace. In addition, this review briefly describes these factors and provides some examples of their adverse health effects. It also reviews risk assessments, protection with personal protective equipment, prevention with training of workers, regulations, as well as vaccinations.

REFERENCE:
Rim KT, Lim CH. Biologically hazardous agents at work and efforts to protect workers' health: a review of recent reports. Saf Health Work. Jun 2014; 5(2): 43–52.

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Día Mundial del Lavado de Manos, Octubre 15

Este 15 de Octubre, la Organización Mundial de la Salud, en conjunto con la UNICEF celebran el Día Mundial del Lavado de Manos. Esta es una oportunidad para recordar a todos la importancia del Lavado de Manos. Infórmate y distribuye la información acerca de la importancia del lavado de manos en: http://globalhandwashing.org
Descarga los posters y manuales de la campaña de la UNICEF AQUI.

OTROS MATERIALES Y RECURSOS (INGLÉS)

• Hand Hygiene Interactive Training Course

This course and promotional materials review key concepts of hand hygiene and other standard precautions to prevent healthcare-associated infections.

• Educational resources

Promotional materials (Posters).

• Hand hygiene in healthcare facilities

A variety of resources including guidelines for providers, patient empowerment materials, the latest technological advances in hand hygiene adherence measurement, frequently asked questions, and links to promotional and educational tools.

• WHO Tools for training and education

All health-care workers require clear and comprehensive training and education on the importance of hand hygiene, the "My 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene" approach and the correct procedures for handrubbing and handwashing.

• Water related hygiene

Hygiene refers to behaviors that can improve cleanliness and lead to good health, such as frequent hand washing, face washing, and bathing with soap and water. In many areas of the world, practicing personal hygiene etiquette is difficult due to lack of clean water and soap. Many diseases can be spread if the hands, face, or body are not washed appropriately at key times.

• WHO video on hand hygiene (DOWNLOAD)

• NEJM VIDEO ON HAND HYGIENE (SEVERAL LANGUAGES)

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Detailed Hospital Checklist for #Ebola Preparedness

Lohud.com

Every hospital should ensure that it can detect a patient with Ebola, protect healthcare workers so they can safely care for the patient, and respond in a coordinated fashion. Many of the signs and symptoms of Ebola are non-specific and similar to those of many common infectious diseases, as well as other infectious diseases with high mortality rates. Transmission can be prevented with appropriate infection control measures.
In order to enhance our collective preparedness and response efforts, this checklist highlights key areas for hospital staff -- especially hospital emergency management officers, infection control practitioners, and clinical practitioners -- to review in preparation for a person with Ebola arriving at a hospital for medical care. The checklist provides practical and specific suggestions to ensure your hospital is able to detect possible Ebola cases, protect your employees, and respond appropriately.
While we are not aware of any domestic Ebola cases, now is the time to prepare, as it is possible that individuals with Ebola in West Africa may travel to your city, exhibit signs and symptoms of Ebola, and present to facilities.

REFERENCES:

• CDC Detailed Hospital Checklist for Ebola Preparedness
• Ebola infection control. WHO guideline
• AIDE-MEMOIRE. For infection prevention and control in a health care facility 

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Efficacy of a Educational Tool to Improve Handrubbing Technique in Healthcare Workers

Introduction. Hand hygiene is a key component of infection control in healthcare. WHO recommends that healthcare workers perform six specific poses during each hand hygiene action. SureWash (Glanta Ltd, Dublin, Ireland) is a novel device that uses video-measurement technology and immediate feedback to teach this technique. We assessed the impact of self-directed SureWash use on healthcare worker hand hygiene technique and evaluated the device's diagnostic capacity.
Methods. A controlled before-after study: subjects in Group A were exposed to the SureWash for four weeks followed by Group B for 12 weeks. Each subject's hand hygiene technique was assessed by blinded observers at baseline (T0) and following intervention periods (T1 and T2). Primary outcome was performance of a complete hand hygiene action, requiring all six poses during an action lasting ≥20 seconds. The number of poses per hand hygiene action (maximum 6) was assessed in a post-hoc analysis. SureWash's diagnostic capacity compared to human observers was assessed using ROC curve analysis.
Results. Thirty-four and 29 healthcare workers were recruited to groups A and B, respectively. No participants performed a complete action at baseline. At T1, one Group A participant and no Group B participants performed a complete action. At baseline, the median number of poses performed per action was 2.0 and 1.0 in Groups A and B, respectively (p = 0.12). At T1, the number of poses per action was greater in Group A (post-intervention) than Group B (control): median 3.8 and 2.0, respectively (p<0.001). In Group A, the number of poses performed twelve weeks post-intervention (median 3.0) remained higher than baseline (p<0.001). The area under the ROC curves for the 6 poses ranged from 0.59 to 0.88.
Discussion. While no impact on complete actions was demonstrated, SureWash significantly increased the number of poses per hand hygiene action and demonstrated good diagnostic capacity.

REFERENCE:
Stewardson AJ, et al. Efficacy of a New Educational Tool to Improve Handrubbing Technique amongst Healthcare Workers. PLoS One. 2014; 9(9): e105866.

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Addressing climate change in healthcare settings

Publication details
Number of pages: 28
Publication date: 2009
Languages: English

Global climate change is no longer an ominous future threat but a dawning reality – one that is already creating disturbing shifts in the natural and human environment and eroding the delicate balance of our planet’s ecosystem and the species that depend on it.
This discussion draft is based on the World Health Organization’s (WHO) mandate from member states to develop “programmes for health systems that will contribute to reducing their own greenhouse gas emissions”. It also takes root in Health Care Without Harm’s (HCWH) more than 12 years of experience of working globally to transform the health sector so that it is no longer a source of harm to human health and the environment.

The paper begins to define a framework for analysing and addressing the health sector’s climate footprint – including identifying seven aspects of a climate-friendly hospital. It also draws on a series of examples from around the world that demonstrate that the health sector is indeed already beginning to provide leadership in this most important area of concern to the global community. This paper is the first step in a WHO project in collaboration with Health Care Without Harm (HCWH) aimed at addressing the climate footprint of the health sector.

REFERENCE:
World Health Organization and Health Care Without Harm. Healthy hospitals, healthy planet, healthy people: Addressing climate change in healthcare settings, 2009.

Download opcion 2

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Fatal meningococcal disease in a laboratory worker - california, 2012

Occupationally acquired meningococcal disease is rare. Adherence to recommendations for safe handling of Neisseria meningitidis in the laboratory greatly reduces the risk for transmission to laboratory workers. A California microbiologist developed fatal serogroup B meningococcal disease after working with N. meningitidis patient isolates in a research laboratory (laboratory A). The California Department of Public Health (CDPH), the local health department, the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (CalOSHA), and the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) collaborated on an investigation of laboratory A, which revealed several breaches in recommended laboratory practice for safe handling of N. meningitidis, including manipulating cultures on the bench top. Additionally, laboratory workers had not been offered meningococcal vaccine in accordance with Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations and CalOSHA Aerosol Transmissible Diseases Standard requirements. In accordance with OSHA and CalOSHA regulations, laboratory staff members must receive laboratory biosafety training and use appropriate personal protective equipment, and those who routinely work with N. meningitidis isolates should receive meningococcal vaccine.

REFERENCE:
Sheets CD, et al. Fatal meningococcal disease in a laboratory worker - california, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Sep 5;63(35):770-2.
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Reducing Needle Stick Injuries in Healthcare Occupations

oasisdiscussions.ca

Needlestick injuries frequently occur among healthcare workers, introducing high risk of bloodborne pathogen infection for surgeons, assistants, and nurses. This systematic review aims to explore the impact of both educational training and safeguard interventions to reduce needlestick injuries. Several databases were searched including MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, CINAHL and Sciencedirect. Studies were selected if the intervention contained a study group and a control group and were published between 2000 and 2010. Of the fourteen studies reviewed, nine evaluated a double-gloving method, one evaluated the effectiveness of blunt needle, and one evaluated a bloodborne pathogen educational training program. Ten studies reported an overall reduction in glove perforations for the intervention group. In conclusion, this review suggests that both safeguard interventions and educational training programs are effective in reducing the risk of having needlestick injuries. However, more studies using a combination of both safeguards and educational interventions in surgical and nonsurgical settings are needed.
REFERENCE:
Yang L, Mullan B. Reducing needle stick injuries in healthcare occupations: an integrative review of the literature. ISRN Nurs. 2011;2011:315432.
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Infection Control During Filoviral Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreaks #Ebola

Breaking the human-to-human transmission cycle remains the cornerstone of infection control during filoviral (Ebola and Marburg) hemorrhagic fever outbreaks. This requires effective identification and isolation of cases, timely contact tracing and monitoring, proper usage of barrier personal protection gear by health workers, and safely conducted burials. Solely implementing these measures is insufficient for infection control; control efforts must be culturally sensitive and conducted in a transparent manner to promote the necessary trust between the community and infection control team in order to succeed. This article provides a review of the literature on infection control during filoviral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks focusing on outbreaks in a developing setting and lessons learned from previous outbreaks. The primary search database used to review the literature was PUBMED, the National Library of Medicine website.

REFERENCES:

1. Raabea VN, Borcherta M. Infection control during filoviral hemorrhagic Fever outbreaks. J Glob Infect Dis. 2012 Jan;4(1):69-74.
2. CDC Interim Guidance for Environmental Infection Control in Hospitals for Ebola Virus
3. WHO Interim Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Care of Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Filovirus Haemorrhagic Fever  in Health-Care Settings, with Focus on Ebola => DESCARGA OPCIONAL
4. Health Canada. Interim Biosafety Guidelines for Laboratories Handling Specimens from Patients Under Investigation for Ebola Virus Disease

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Barriers to rapid containment of the #Ebola outbreak

By August 11, 2014, a total of 170 healthcare workers has been infected, 81 have died. 

The outbreak of Ebola virus disease in west Africa continues to evolve in alarming ways, with no immediate end in sight. Many barriers stand in the way of rapid containment.

The Ebola virus is highly contagious, but is not airborne. Transmission requires close contact with the bodily fluids of an infected person, as can occur during health-care procedures, home care, or traditional burial practices, which involve the close contact of family members and friends with bodies. 

ESPAÑOL:

El virus del Ebola es uno de los patógenos más virulentos. El equipo de protección personal es esencial, pero escasea. Además es caliente e incómodo, y limita mucho el número de horas que el personal médico y de enfermería puede trabajar en una planta de aislamiento. Según las estimaciones actuales, un centro en el que se estén tratando 70 pacientes necesitará como mínimo 250 profesionales sanitarios.

Ahora que el brote ha cumplido 6 meses, se comprueba que el miedo es el obstáculo más difícil de vencer. El miedo hace que los contactos de los casos escapen al sistema de vigilancia, que las familias escondan a los parientes con síntomas o los lleven a curanderos tradicionales, y que los pacientes huyan de los centros terapéuticos. El miedo y la hostilidad que este puede alimentar han puesto en peligro la seguridad de los equipos de respuesta nacionales e internacionales.

El personal sanitario teme por sus vidas. Hasta la fecha se han infectado más de 170 profesionales sanitarios y al menos 81 han fallecido.

REFERENCE:

WHO Barriers to rapid containment of the #Ebola outbreak

En español: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/overview-august-2014/es/
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Evaluation of transmission risks associated with in vivo replication of several high containment pathogens in a biosafety level 4 laboratory #EBOLA

Containment level 4 (CL4) laboratories studying biosafety level 4 viruses are under strict regulations to conduct nonhuman primate (NHP) studies in compliance of both animal welfare and biosafety requirements. NHPs housed in open-barred cages raise concerns about cross-contamination between animals, and accidental exposure of personnel to infectious materials. To address these concerns, two NHP experiments were performed. One examined the simultaneous infection of 6 groups of NHPs with 6 different viruses (Machupo, Junin, Rift Valley Fever, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Nipah and Hendra viruses). Washing personnel between handling each NHP group, floor to ceiling biobubble with HEPA filter, and plexiglass between cages were employed for partial primary containment. The second experiment employed no primary containment around open barred cages with Ebola virus infected NHPs 0.3 meters from naïve NHPs. Viral antigen-specific ELISAs, qRT-PCR and TCID50 infectious assays were utilized to determine antibody levels and viral loads. No transmission of virus to neighbouring NHPs was observed suggesting limited containment protocols are sufficient for multi-viral CL4 experiments within one room. The results support the concept that Ebola virus infection is self-contained in NHPs infected intramuscularly, at least in the present experimental conditions, and is not transmitted to naïve NHPs via an airborne route.

REFERENCE:
Alimonti J, et al. Evaluation of transmission risks associated with in vivo replication of several high containment pathogens in a biosafety level 4 laboratory. Scientific Reports 4, Article number: 5824.
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Transmission of #Ebola virus from pigs to non-human primates

Ebola viruses (EBOV) cause often fatal hemorrhagic fever in several species of simian primates including human. While fruit bats are considered natural reservoir, involvement of other species in EBOV transmission is unclear. In 2009, Reston-EBOV was the first EBOV detected in swine with indicated transmission to humans. In-contact transmission of Zaire-EBOV (ZEBOV) between pigs was demonstrated experimentally. Here we show ZEBOV transmission from pigs to cynomolgus macaques without direct contact. Interestingly, transmission between macaques in similar housing conditions was never observed. Piglets inoculated oro-nasally with ZEBOV were transferred to the room housing macaques in an open inaccessible cage system. All macaques became infected. Infectious virus was detected in oro-nasal swabs of piglets, and in blood, swabs, and tissues of macaques. This is the first report of experimental interspecies virus transmission, with the macaques also used as a human surrogate. Our finding may influence prevention and control measures during EBOV outbreaks.
REFERENCE:
Weingartl HM et al. Transmission of Ebola virus from pigs to non-human primates. Scientific Reports 2 (2012), Article number: 811 doi:10.1038/srep00811
COMMENT ON:
Are we *sure* Ebola isn’t airborne?
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Enfermedad por el virus del #Ebola

Nota descriptiva n.°103. OMS

• El virus del Ebola causa en el ser humano la enfermedad homónima (antes conocida como fiebre hemorrágica del Ebola).
• Los brotes de enfermedad por el virus del Ebola (EVE) tienen una tasa de letalidad que puede llegar al 90%.
• Los brotes de EVE se producen principalmente en aldeas remotas de África central y occidental, cerca de la selva tropical.
• El virus es transmitido al ser humano por animales salvajes y se propaga en las poblaciones humanas por transmisión de persona a persona.
• Se considera que los huéspedes naturales del virus son los murciélagos frugívoros de la familia Pteropodidae.
• No hay tratamiento específico ni vacuna para las personas ni los animales.

Para ver el artículo completo siga el siguiente link. 

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Technologies to Enable Autonomous Detection for #BioWatch

The BioWatch program, funded and overseen by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), has three main elements--sampling, analysis, and response--each coordinated by different agencies. The Environmental Protection Agency maintains the sampling component, the sensors that collect airborne particles. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention coordinates analysis and laboratory testing of the samples, though testing is actually carried out in state and local public health laboratories. Local jurisdictions are responsible for the public health response to positive findings. The Federal Bureau of Investigation is designated as the lead agency for the law enforcement response if a bioterrorism event is detected. In 2003 DHS deployed the first generation of BioWatch air samplers. The current version of this technology, referred to as Generation 2.0, requires daily manual collection and testing of air filters from each monitor. DHS has also considered newer automated technologies (Generation 2.5 and Generation 3.0) which have the potential to produce results more quickly, at a lower cost, and for a greater number of threat agents.
Technologies to Enable Autonomous Detection for BioWatch is the summary of a workshop hosted jointly by the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council in June 2013 to explore alternative cost-effective systems that would meet the requirements for a BioWatch Generation 3.0 autonomous detection system, or autonomous detector, for aerosolized agents.

REFERENCE:
Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. Technologies to Enable Autonomous Detection for BioWatch: Ensuring Timely and Accurate Information for Public Health Officials : Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2014.
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NEWS: Homeland Security cancels plans for new BioWatch technology
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Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

ANTECEDENTES

La quimioterapia preventiva representa una estrategia de control para las helmintiasis transmitidas por el suelo de gran alcance pero a corto plazo. Dado que los humanos a menudo se vuelven a infectar rápidamente, las soluciones a largo plazo requieren mejoras en agua, saneamiento e higiene (WASH) . El propósito de este estudio fue resumir cuantitativamente la relación entre el acceso o prácticas WASH y la transmisión con helmintos del suelo (STH) .
Se realizó una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis para examinar las asociaciones de mejora de WASH en la infección por helmintos del suelo (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, ancylostoma [Ancylostoma duodenale y Necator americanus] y Strongyloides stercoralis). PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, y LILACS se buscaron desde el inicio al 28 de octubre de 2013, sin restricciones de idioma. Los estudios fueron elegibles para su inclusión si presentó una estimación del efecto del acceso o las prácticas sobre la infección por geohelmintos WASH. Se evaluó la calidad de los estudios publicados con los grados de recomendación, Evaluación, Desarrollo y Evaluación (GRADE). Un total de 94 estudios cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad, y cinco eran ensayos controlados aleatorios, mientras que la mayoría de los otros fueron estudios transversales. Utilizamos de efectos aleatorios meta-análisis y se analizaron sólo los presupuestos ajustados a ayudar a explicar la heterogeneidad y posibles factores de confusión, respectivamente.

REFERENCE
Strunz EC, Addiss DG, Stocks ME, et al. (2014). Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Med 11(3): e1001620. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001620
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Nueva página de #Facebook para el Blog!

Hola a todos. A partir de hoy, las publicaciones del blog sólo podrán seguirse en facebook en la siguiente página: https://www.facebook.com/pages/seguridadbiologicablogspotcom/138640189529850
Buen Día..

ABSL-4 Aerobiology Biosafety and Technology...

Abstract
The overall threat of a viral pathogen to human populations is largely determined by the modus operandi and velocity of the pathogen that is transmitted among humans. Microorganisms that can spread by aerosol are considered a more challenging enemy than those that require direct body-to-body contact for transmission, due to the potential for infection of numerous people rather than a single individual. Additionally, disease containment is much more difficult to achieve for aerosolized viral pathogens than for pathogens that spread solely via direct person-to-person contact. Thus, aerobiology has become an increasingly necessary component for studying viral pathogens that are naturally or intentionally transmitted by aerosol. The goal of studying aerosol viral pathogens is to improve public health preparedness and medical countermeasure development. Here, we provide a brief overview of the animal biosafety level 4 Aerobiology Core at the NIH/NIAID Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA.
REFERENCE:
Lackemeyer MG, Kok-Mercado Fd, Wada J, Bollinger L, Kindrachuk J, Wahl-Jensen V, Kuhn JH, Jahrling PB. ABSL-4 Aerobiology Biosafety and Technology at the NIH/NIAID Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick. Viruses. 2014 Jan 7;6(1):137-50. doi: 10.3390/v6010137. PubMed PMID: 24402304.

#Book : People, pathogens and our planet Vol. 2

People, pathogens and our planet Vol. 2
This report analyzes and assesses the benefits and the costs of control of an important group of contagious diseases. Zoonotic diseases are caused by pathogens that can infect both animals and humans, resulting in disease outbreaks, including epidemics in humans and epizootics in animals. These diseases account for 70 percent of emerging infectious  diseases. In the absence of timely disease control, zoonotic pathogens can cause pandemics, with potentially catastrophic impacts that are global in scale. The report also touches on food safety, but does not cover other risks and opportunities at the interfaces between humans, animals, and the ecosystem, such as food security and pollution. Limiting its focus to this topic matter has important advantages, particularly with respect to immediate relevance and relative simplicity.

=> DESCARGAR <=