Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus for Men

Zika virus infection can occur as a result of mosquitoborne or sexual transmission of the virus. Infection during pregnancy is a cause of fetal brain abnormalities and other serious birth defects (1,2). CDC has updated the interim guidance for men with possible Zika virus exposure who 1) are planning to conceive with their partner, or 2) want to prevent sexual transmission of Zika virus at any time (3). CDC now recommends that men with possible Zika virus exposure who are planning to conceive with their partner wait for at least 3 months after symptom onset (if symptomatic) or their last possible Zika virus exposure (if asymptomatic) before engaging in unprotected sex. CDC now also recommends that for couples who are not trying to conceive, men can consider using condoms or abstaining from sex for at least 3 months after symptom onset (if symptomatic) or their last possible Zika virus exposure (if asymptomatic) to minimize their risk for sexual transmission of Zika virus.

REFERENCE:
Polen KD, et al. Update: Interim Guidance for Preconception Counseling and Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus for Men with Possible Zika Virus Exposure — United States, August 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:868-871. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6731e2

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CDC lab training on-demand #Biosafety #CDC #laboratory

Estos cursos on-demand de aproximadamente 1 hr., son para personal de laboratorio que proporcionan certificados avalados por el CDC, que pueden usar en su currículum, con créditos P.A.C.E. y son gratuitos. Para obtener el certificado, deben completar el curso, y aprobar el examen con más de 80%. Los de bioseguridad son los siguientes:

1. Fundamentals Of Centrifuge Safety  
2. Fundamentals of Working Safely in a Biological Safety Cabinet
3. Packing and Shipping Division 6.2 Materials: What the Laboratory Professional Should Know 2016  

La lista completa en: https://www.cdc.gov/labtraining/

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Laboratory-acquired scrub typhus and murine typhus infections #LAIs

This study examined the literature on laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) associated with scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi) and murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi) research to provide an evidence base for biosafety and biocontainment. Scrub typhus LAIs were documented in 25 individuals, from 1931-2000 with 8 (32%) deaths during the pre-antibiotic era. There were 35 murine typhus LAI reports and no deaths. Results indicated that highest risk activities were working with infectious laboratory animals involving significant aerosol exposures, accidental self-inoculation or bite related infections. A risk-based biosafety approach for in vitro and in vivo culture of O. tsutsugamushi and R. typhi would require only high-risk activities (animal work or large culture volumes) be performed in high containment BSL3 laboratories. We argue that relatively low risk activities including inoculation of cell cultures or the early stages of in vitro growth using low volumes/low concentrations of infectious materials can be performed safely in BSL2 laboratories within a biological safety cabinet.
REFERENCE:
Blacksell SD, et al; Laboratory-acquired scrub typhus and murine typhus infections: The argument for risk-based approach to biosafety requirements for Orientia tsutsugamushi and Rickettsia typhi laboratory activities, Clinical Infectious Diseases ciy675, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy675

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Semanas nacionales de vacunación en México

Las Semanas Nacionales de Salud tienen como objetivo aplicar las vacunas que necesitan los menores de 5 años para completar su esquema básico, así como las que se administran de forma complementaria a los adolescentes y adultos.
En el país desde 1980 se iniciaron las Semanas Nacionales de Vacunación que en un principio se llamaron fases intensivas de vacunación, su objetivo principal es proteger la salud de la niñez.
Primera Semana Nacional de Salud
Se lleva a cabo a finales de febrero y principios de marzo y tiene como objetivo principal la aplicación de la vacuna Sabin a todos los menores de 5 años, con lo que se previene la polio. También se refuerza la aplicación de las vacunas anti rotavirus, anti neumococo, pentavalente, BCG y hepatitis B a menores de 1 año de edad, entre otras actividades.
Segunda Semana Nacional de Salud
Se lleva a cabo a finales de mayo y principios de junio y tiene como objetivo principal la aplicación del refuerzo de la vacuna Sabin a todos los menores de 5 años, con lo que se previene la polio.
Tercera Semana Nacional de Salud
Se lleva a cabo a principios del mes de octubre y tiene como objetivo principal la aplicación de la vacuna Triple viral a todos los menores de 6 y 7 años, con lo que se previenen los casos de sarampión, rubéola y paperas. También se refuerza la aplicación de las vacunas BCG, pentavalente A, Hepatitis B, rotavirus y en este año en especial se aplica la que previene el virus del papiloma humano.

Esquema de vacunación:

Vacuna	Enfermerdad que previene	A quién se aplica
Sabin	Poliomielitis	Niños y niñas menores de 5 años
Antihepatitis B	Hepatitis B	Niños y niñas menores de 5 años y adolescentes
Pentavalente acelular	Difteria, Tosferina, Tétanos, Poliomelitis y H. Influenzae	Niños y niñas menores 5 años
DPT	Difteria, Tosferina y Tétanos	Niños y niñas de 4 años
Rotavirus	Gastroenteritis causada por rotavirus	Niños y niñas menores de 1 año
Neumococica conjugada	Infecciones por neumococo	Niños y niñas de 2, 4 y 12 meses
Triple Viral SRP	Sarampión, Rubéola y Parotiditis	Niños y niñas de 1 y 6 años
TD	Tétanos y Difteria	Embarazadas, hombres y mujeres mayores de 12 años
SR	Sarampión, rubéola	Hombres y mujeres de 1 a 4 años

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Pathogen Risk Assessment guideline

The Pathogen Risk Assessment guideline was developed by the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) as part of a series of electronic publications that expand upon the biosafety and biosecurity concepts discussed in the current edition of the Canadian Biosafety Handbook (CBH), the companion document to the Canadian Biosafety Standard (CBS). It describes how to conduct a pathogen risk assessment to evaluate the risks associated with human or animal pathogens, toxins, or other regulated infectious material. This guideline is intended to assist organizations in meeting the requirements specified in the CBS, but should not be interpreted as requirements. Organizations may choose alternate approaches to meet the requirements specified in the CBS.

Conducting a biosecurity risk assessment
This guideline describes best practices for conducting a biosecurity risk assessment in an organization where human or animal pathogens, toxins, or other regulated infectious material are handled or stored. The biosecurity risks associated with the handling and storing of pathogens and toxins can be minimized through the application of appropriate mitigation measures identified through the risk assessment process.

REFERENCIAS

1. Pathogen Risk Assessment
2. Conducting a biosecurity risk assessment.

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8º Curso de animales de laboratorio.

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Biosecurity practices on Australian commercial layer and meat chicken farms: Performance and perceptions of farmers

This paper describes the level of adoption of biosecurity practices performed on Australian commercial chicken meat and layer farms and farmer-perceived importance of these practices. On-farm interviews were conducted on 25 free range layer farms, nine cage layer farms, nine barn layer farms, six free range meat chicken farms and 15 barn meat chicken farms in the Sydney basin bioregion and South East Queensland. There was a high level of treatment of drinking water across all farm types; town water was the most common source. In general, meat chicken farms had a higher level of adoption of biosecurity practices than layer farms. Cage layer farms had the shortest median distance between sheds (7.75m) and between sheds and waterbodies (30m). Equipment sharing between sheds was performed on 43% of free range meat chicken farms compared to 92% of free range layer farms. There was little disinfection of this shared equipment across all farm types. Footbaths and visitor recording books were used by the majority of farms for all farm types except cage layer farms (25%). Wild birds in sheds were most commonly reported in free range meat chicken farms (73%). Dogs and cats were kept across all farm types, from 56% of barn layer farms to 89% of cage layer farms, and they had access to the sheds in the majority (67%) of cage layer farms and on the range in some free range layer farms (44%). Most biosecurity practices were rated on average as 'very important' by farmers. A logistic regression analysis revealed that for most biosecurity practices, performing a practice was significantly associated with higher perceived farmer importance of that biosecurity practice. These findings help identify farm types and certain biosecurity practices with low adoption levels. This information can aid decision-making on efforts used to improve adoption levels.
REFERENCE:
Scott AB, et al. Biosecurity practices on Australian commercial layer and meat chicken farms: Performance and perceptions of farmers. PLoS One. 2018 Apr 18;13(4):e0195582. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195582. eCollection 2018. PubMed PMID: 29668707.

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Desinfectantes para manos a base de alcohol / Alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS)

Según el Centro para el Control de Enfermedades (CDC), la higiene de manos incluye la limpieza de las manos mediante el lavado de manos con agua y jabón, lavados antisépticos para manos, desinfectantes antisépticos para manos como desinfectantes para manos a base de alcohol (ABHS), espumas o geles, o antisepsia quirúrgica de la mano. Por muchas razones, los desinfectantes para manos con alcohol se usan cada vez más como desinfectantes en vez de lavarse las manos con agua y jabón. Su facilidad de disponibilidad, sin necesidad de agua o fontanería, y su probada eficacia para reducir la carga microbiana son solo algunas. En un estudio, una campaña de higiene de manos en todo el hospital, con especial énfasis en la desinfección de manos a base de alcohol, produjo una mejora sostenida en el cumplimiento de la higiene de manos, coincidiendo con una reducción de las infecciones nosocomiales y la transmisión de MRSA. La promoción de la cabecera de la cama, antisépticos, frotamientos de manos contribuyó en gran medida al aumento del cumplimiento. Muchos otros estudios han demostrado que disponer de soluciones basadas en el alcohol a pie de cama aumenta el cumplimiento de la higiene de manos entre los trabajadores de la salud. Sin embargo, es importante tener en cuenta que la eficacia del desinfectante para manos con alcohol depende de qué y cuánto producto se use, la técnica adecuada y la consistencia del uso. También hay situaciones donde estos productos no son ideales, por ejemplo, para prevenir la propagación de ciertas infecciones o cuando las manos están muy sucias y la carga bacteriana es demasiado alta.
REFERENCIA:
Gold NA, Avva U. Alcohol Sanitizer. 2018 Jun 23. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan-.

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Fast-Growing Engineered Microbes: New Concerns for Gain-of-Function Research?

Research on fast-growing microbes holds promise for many industrial applications, including shortening test and trial times in research and development stages and reducing the operation costs for production. Such microbes can be obtained either by selecting naturally occurring variants or via metabolic engineering approaches, either eliminating 'unnecessary' or adding necessary pathways affecting growth speed in the cell. Here, we review recent research and development of engineered fast-growing strains in industrial biotechology, with a special focus on vaccine production using (synthetic biology) engineered pathogenic strains. We will discuss whether this represents a security concern and whether the industrial biotech sector needs to pay more attention to issues of Gain-of-Function (GoF) while developing and harnessing these fast-growing microbes. We will also shed a light on the use of in-built biosafety circuits as a way to control the propagation of fast-growing strains, including their capacity to survive in the environment. Other possible GoF concerns raised by the publication of research results in this field will be also addressed. In conclusion, judging from the current development from the field, assessing the potential GoF risks on engineered fast-growing microbes does not lead to a clear generalized outcome. We argue that fast growing strains need to be evaluated in combination with their wild type and engineered characteristics, and require always a case-by-case assessment. Monitoring the progress of the field and proactively raising awareness on the GoF issues among the scientists are important for the further development of the field.
REFERENCE:
Pei L, Schmidt M. Fast-Growing Engineered Microbes: New Concerns for Gain-of-Function Research? Front Genet. 2018 Jun 29;9:207. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00207. eCollection 2018. Review.


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Oropharyngeal #Tularemia from Freshly Pressed Grape Must

In high-income countries, oropharyngeal tularemia is associated with hunting or eating infected game or drinking contaminated water.1,2 We describe a cluster of cases of oropharyngeal tularemia that appears to have been caused by the consumption of freshly pressed grape must by grape harvesters volunteering at a vineyard in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, in October 2016. 

Reference: 

N Engl J Med 2018; 379:197-199. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1800353

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