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lunes, 27 de febrero de 2017

Guía NOM-010-STPS-2014, Agentes químicos contaminantes del ambiente laboral

La Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social, en ejercicio de sus atribuciones de normalización, publicó en el Diario Oficial de la Federación de fecha 28 de abril de 2014, la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-010-STPS-2014, Agentes químicos contaminantes del ambiente laboral - Reconocimiento, evaluación y control, misma que tiene por objeto establecer los procesos y las medidas para la prevención de riesgos a la salud del personal ocupacionalmente expuesto a agentes químicos contaminantes del ambiente laboral.
Dicha Norma rige en todo el territorio nacional y aplica a todos los centros de trabajo donde existan agentes químicos contaminantes del ambiente laboral, es decir, sustancias o mezclas capaces de modificar las condiciones ambientales del centro de trabajo y que, por sus propiedades, concentración, nivel y tiempo de exposición o acción, pueden alterar la salud de los trabajadores.

REFERENCIAS:

  1. Guía Informativa de la Norma Oficial MexicanaNOM-010-STPS-2014, Agentes químicoscontaminantes del ambiente laboral -Reconocimiento, evaluación y control
  2. NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-010-STPS-2014, Agentes químicos contaminantes del ambiente laboral-Reconocimiento, evaluación y control.
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lunes, 20 de febrero de 2017

Control strategies against Campylobacter at the poultry production level

Campylobacteriosis is the most prevalent bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis affecting humans in the European Union, and ranks second in the United States only behind salmonellosis. In Europe, there are about nine million cases of campylobacteriosis every year, making the disease a major public health issue. Human cases are mainly caused by the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. The main source of contamination is handling or consumption of poultry meat. Poultry constitutes the main reservoir of Campylobacter, substantial quantities of which are found in the intestines following rapid, intense colonization. Reducing Campylobacter levels in the poultry chain would decrease the incidence of human campylobacteriosis. As primary production is a crucial step in Campylobacter poultry contamination, controlling the infection at this level could impact the following links along the food chain (slaughter, retail and consumption). This review describes the control strategies implemented during the past few decades in primary poultry production, including the most recent studies. In fact, the implementation of biosecurity and hygiene measures is described, as well as the immune strategy with passive immunization and vaccination trials and the nutritional strategy with the administration of organic and fatty acids, essential oil and plant-derived compound, probiotics, bacteriocins and bacteriophages.

REFERENCIA:
Meunier M, et al. Control strategies against Campylobacter at the poultry production level: biosecurity measures, feed additives and vaccination. J Appl Microbiol. 2016 May;120(5):1139-73.
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jueves, 16 de febrero de 2017

Permeation of limonene through disposable nitrile gloves

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the permeation of the low-volatile solvent limonene through different disposable, unlined, unsupported, nitrile exam whole gloves (blue, purple, sterling, and lavender, from Kimberly-Clark).
METHODS: This study utilized a moving and static dextrous robot hand as part of a novel dynamic permeation system that allowed sampling at specific times. Quantitation of limonene in samples was based on capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the internal standard method (4-bromophenol).
RESULTS: The average post-permeation thicknesses (before reconditioning) for all gloves for both the moving and static hand were more than 10% of the pre-permeation ones (P ≤ 0.05), although this was not so on reconditioning. The standardized breakthrough times and steady-state permeation periods were similar for the blue, purple, and sterling gloves. Both methods had similar sensitivity. The lavender glove showed a higher permeation rate (0.490 ± 0.031 μg/cm2/min) for the moving robotic hand compared to the non-moving hand (P ≤ 0.05), this being ascribed to a thickness threshold.
CONCLUSIONS: Permeation parameters for the static and dynamic robot hand models indicate that both methods have similar sensitivity in detecting the analyte during permeation and the blue, purple, and sterling gloves behave similarly during the permeation process whether moving or non-moving.

REFERENCE:
Banaee S, Que Hee SS. PERMEATION OF LIMONENE THROUGH DISPOSABLE NITRILE GLOVES USING A DEXTROUS ROBOT HAND. J Occup Health. 2017 Jan 21.

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lunes, 13 de febrero de 2017

EBSA upcoming events on #Biosafety

22 MAR 2017
7th “Annual International Symposium on Biosafety and Biosecurity: Future Trends and Solutions”
Milán, Italy.
When: 22 March 2017 - 13:00 to 24 March 2017 - 14:00

25 APR 2017
20th Annual meeting - EBSA conference
Madrid, Spain
When: 25 April 2017 - 09:00 to 28 April 2017 - 17:00

12 JUN 2017
IVBW18- International Veterinary Biosafety Workgroup
When: 12 June 2017 - 10:00 to 15 June 2017
Brazil.

24 AUG 2017
SBNet - 11th Applied Biosafety Meeting
When: 24 August 2017 - 13:00 to 25 August 2017 - 17:00
Basel, Switzerland,

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martes, 7 de febrero de 2017

Aerosol Generation During Bone-Sawing Procedures in Veterinary Autopsies

elpais.com; NatGeo
Bone-sawing procedures are routinely performed during veterinary and human autopsies and represent an important source for infectious aerosols. Here we investigate the generation of aerosols during bone-sawing procedures using 5 different saws regularly used in veterinary and human pathology. In particular, the electrical bone band saw produced vast amounts of aerosolized particles less than 5 µm in diameter, which spread rapidly throughout the entire autopsy hall, leading to an exposure of all personnel. Other sawing devices tested were a diamond-coated cut grinder, an oscillating saw, a reciprocating saw, and a hand bone saw. Although these saws, especially the handsaw, generated fewer aerosolized particles than the band saw, the level of exposure of the saw operator would still be of concern in cases where infectious material would require sawing. Contamination of the entire autopsy area was successfully prevented by the construction of a separately ventilated sawing cabin inside the existing autopsy room. Saw operators in this cabin, however, were exposed to even higher aerosol concentrations. Protection of saw operators was achieved by using a powered air-purifying respirator. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that all bone-sawing procedures applied in veterinary and human pathology can generate aerosols that are of concern for the health of autopsy personnel. To reduce the risk of aerosol infections from bone-sawing procedures, efficient and properly designed ventilation systems to limit the spread of aerosols and appropriate personal protective equipment against aerosols for exposed personnel should be implemented.

REFERENCES:
Wenner L, et al. Aerosol Generation During Bone-Sawing Procedures in Veterinary Autopsies. Vet Pathol. 2017 Jan 1:300985816688744. doi: 10.1177/0300985816688744.

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lunes, 30 de enero de 2017

Universal and reusable virus deactivation system for respiratory protection

Aerosolized pathogens are a leading cause of respiratory infection and transmission. Currently used protective measures pose potential risk of primary/secondary infection and transmission. Here, we report the development of a universal, reusable virus deactivation system by functionalization of the main fibrous filtration unit of surgical mask with sodium chloride salt. The salt coating on the fiber surface dissolves upon exposure to virus aerosols and recrystallizes during drying, destroying the pathogens. When tested with tightly sealed sides, salt-coated filters showed remarkably higher filtration efficiency than conventional mask filtration layer, and 100% survival rate was observed in mice infected with virus penetrated through salt-coated filters. Viruses captured on salt-coated filters exhibited rapid infectivity loss compared to gradual decrease on bare filters. Salt-coated filters proved highly effective in deactivating influenza viruses regardless of subtypes and following storage in harsh environmental conditions. Our results can be applied in obtaining a broad-spectrum, airborne pathogen prevention device in preparation for epidemic and pandemic of respiratory diseases.

REFERENCE:
Quan, Fu-Shi et al. “Universal and Reusable Virus Deactivation System for Respiratory Protection.” Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 39956. PMC. Web. 8 Jan. 2017.

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lunes, 23 de enero de 2017

How to improve influenza vaccine coverage of healthcare personnel

Influenza causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide each year. Healthcare-associated influenza is a frequent event. Health care personnel (HCP) may be the source for infecting patients and may propagate nosocomial outbreaks. All HCP should receive a dose of influenza vaccine each year to protect themselves and others. This commentary will discuss the study recently published in the IJHPR by Nutman and Yoeli which assessed the beliefs and attitudes of HCP in an Israel hospital regarding influenza and the influenza vaccine. Unfortunately, as noted by Nutman and Yoeli in this issue many HCP in Israel choose not to receive influenza immunization and many harbor misconceptions regarding their risk for influenza as well as the benefits of influenza vaccine. We also discuss proven methods to increase acceptance by HCP for receiving an annual influenza vaccine.

REFERENCE:
Weber, David J., Orenstein W, and Rutala WA. “How to Improve Influenza Vaccine Coverage of Healthcare Personnel.” Israel Journal of Health Policy Research 5 (2016): 61. PMC. Web. 8 Jan. 2017.

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jueves, 19 de enero de 2017

Occupational HIV infection in a research laboratory

A lab-worker was infected with HIV-1 in a biosafety level-2 of containment, without any apparent breach. Through full-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, we could identify the source of infection in a replication-competent clone, unknowingly contaminating a safe experiment. Mode of transmission remains unclear. Caution is warranted when handling HIV-derived constructs.

REFERENCE:
Soria A, Alteri C, Scarlatti G, et al. Occupational HIV infection in a research laboratory with unknown mode of transmission: a case report. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Dec 28.
(ACCESO SOLO CON SUBSCRIPCIÓN)
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miércoles, 18 de enero de 2017

Entra en vigor la prohibición de la #FDA de usar guantes con talco

A partir de hoy, Enero 18 de 2017, entra en vigor la prohibición del uso de guantes con talco, tanto en instalaciones de atención a la salud como en áreas veterinarias, en virtud de que plantean peligros para la salud humana. El talco utilizado en todos los tipos de guantes se ha relacionado con muchos efectos adversos potencialmente graves, como inflamación grave de las vías respiratorias, reacciones de hipersensibilidad, reacciones alérgicas (incluida el asma), inflamación y daño pulmonar, granuloma y adherencias peritoneales. Las reacciones alérgicas respiratorias también pueden deberse a proteínas en el talco de guantes pulverizado, señala la FDA.
De acuerdo con el organismo oficial, se cuenta con alternativas sin talco para guantes, tanto de cirujanos como para la exploración de pacientes, y proporcionan protección similar, destreza y desempeño, pero sin ninguno de los riesgos asociados a los guantes con talco. "Por consiguiente, una transición a las alternativas disponibles en el comercio no debiera ir en detrimento de la salud pública". Las alternativas a este tipo de guantes, son el uso de guantes SIN TALCO. La prohibición incluye la fabricación, distribución, venta y uso de guantes con talco como producto final, por lo que es de esperarse que los fabricantes de Estados Unidos dejen de distribuir a otros países.
Con información de Medscape y FDA.gov

REFERENCIAS:

  1. FDA: Banned Devices; Ban Powdered Surgeon’s Gloves,Powdered Patient Examination Gloves, andAbsorbable Powder for Lubricating a Surgeon’sGlove
  2. FDA Ban on Powdered Medical Gloves Applies to Veterinary Use
  3. Decisión final: La FDA prohíbe los guantes con talco en las intervenciones quirúrgicas y en la práctica clínica
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martes, 17 de enero de 2017

#Zika virus in asymptomatic blood donors in Martinique

Many aspects of Zika fever natural history remain unknown (eg, the proportion of asymptomatic cases and the duration of viremia). Estimating the prevalence of Zika infections is difficult because a large proportion of infected individuals do not seek medical attention, and seroprevalence studies are hampered by antigenic cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses (eg, dengue virus).11 Here, we present a study of ZIKV infection in blood donors from Martinique island (French West Indies, Caribbean region), with novel epidemiological, biological, and clinical information that refines the picture of Zika fever in adults.

REFERENCE:
Gallian P, et al. Zika virus in asymptomatic blood donors in Martinique. Blood. 2017 Jan 12;129(2):263-266.
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lunes, 16 de enero de 2017

NOM-051-SCT2-2011, Clasificación de substancias infecciosas y embalaje

CONSIDERANDO:
Que es necesario establecer las disposiciones generales que se deben cumplir para el transporte de los envases y embalajes de las substancias peligrosas de la división 6.2 agentes infecciosos.
Que dada la importancia de la utilización de envases y embalajes de las substancias peligrosas de la división 6.2, es menester que se realice bajo condiciones que garanticen la seguridad en la prestación de los servicios de transporte, y que esto no represente un riesgo para la población y el medio ambiente.
Se publicó la:
NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-051-SCT2/2011, Especificaciones para la clasificación de las substancias infecciosas y especificaciones especiales y adicionales para la construcción y ensayo (prueba) de los envases y/o embalajes que transporten substancias infecciosas de la división 6.2, Categoría A.

Guidance on regulations for the Transport of Infectious Substances 2015–2016 (Se actualizará en los próximos meses para el periodo 2017-2018.)
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lunes, 9 de enero de 2017

European agreement: International carriage of dangerous goods by road

This authoritative Agreement is intended to increase the safety of international transport of dangerous goods by road. Its Annexes A and B contain the technical requirements for road transport, i.e. the conditions under which dangerous goods, when authorized for transport, may be carried internationally, as well as uniform provisions concerning the construction and operation of vehicles carrying dangerous goods. They also establish international requirements and procedures for training and safety obligations of participants. The Agreement has been regularly amended and updated since its entry into force. This version has been prepared on the basis of amendments applicable as from 1 January 2017.

REFERENCE:
European agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by road.
United Nations 2016.
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viernes, 23 de diciembre de 2016

#HISTORY: The Spanish royal philanthropic expedition to bring #smallpox vaccination to the New World, XIX Century

The New World was ravaged by smallpox for several centuries after the Spanish conquest. Jenner's discovery of the smallpox vaccine made possible the prevention and control of smallpox epidemics. In response to a large outbreak of smallpox in the Spanish colonies, King Charles IV appointed Francisco Xavier de Balmis to lead an expedition that would introduce Jenner's vaccine to these colonies. During the journey, the vaccine was kept viable by passing it from arm to arm in orphaned children, who were brought along expressly for that purpose and remained under the care of the orphanage's director. This expedition was the first large scale mass vaccination of its kind. The historic legacy of this pioneering event in international health should be revisited in the current era of persistent inequalities in global health.

>> VER PELÍCULA (antes del 27DIC2016) <<

REFERENCIA:
Franco-Paredes C, Lammoglia L, Santos-Preciado JI. The Spanish royal philanthropic expedition to bring smallpox vaccination to the New World and Asia  in the 19th century. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 1;41(9):1285-9.
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lunes, 19 de diciembre de 2016

Use of transgenic Aedes aegypti in Brazil: risk perception and assessment.

Este artículo se encuentra en ESPAÑOL / This article is translated in multi languages
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The OX513A strain of Aedes aegypti, which was developed by the British company Oxitec, expresses a self-limiting transgene that prevents larvae from developing to adulthood. In April 2014, the Brazilian National Technical Commission on Biosafety completed a risk assessment of OX513A and concluded that the strain did not present new biological risks to humans or the environment and could be released in Brazil. At that point, Brazil became the first country to approve the unconstrained release of a genetically modified mosquito. During the assessment, the commission produced a comprehensive list of - and systematically analysed - the perceived hazards. Such hazards included the potential survival to adulthood of immature stages carrying the transgene - should the transgene fail to be expressed or be turned off by exposure to sufficient environmental tetracycline. Other perceived hazards included the potential allergenicity and/or toxicity of the proteins expressed by the gene, the potential for gene flow or increased transmission of human pathogens and the occupation of vacant breeding sites by other vector species. The Zika epidemic both elevated the perceived importance of Ae. aegypti as a vector - among policy-makers and regulators as well as the general public - and increased concerns over the release of males of the OX513A strain. We have therefore reassessed the potential hazards. We found that release of the transgenic mosquitoes would still be both safe and of great potential value in the control of diseases spread by Ae. aegypti, such as chikungunya, dengue and Zika.
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Uso de Aedes aegypti transgénicos en Brasil: percepción y evaluación de riesgos
La cepa OX513A de Aedes aegypti, que desarrolló la empresa británica Oxitec, expresa un transgén autolimitado que impide que las larvas se desarrollen hasta la edad adulta. En abril de 2014, la Comisión Nacional Técnica de Bioseguridad de Brasil realizó una evaluación de riesgos de OX513A y concluyó que la cepa no presentaba nuevos riesgos biológicos para los humanos o el medioambiente y que podría liberarse en Brasil. En ese momento, Brasil se convirtió en el primer país en aprobar la liberación ilimitada de un mosquito modificado genéticamente. A lo largo de la evaluación, la comisión redactó una lista completa, y analizada sistemáticamente, de las posibles contingencias. Entre dichos peligros se encontraba la posible supervivencia hasta la edad adulta de etapas inmaduras que portan el transgén, en caso de que éste no consiga expresarse o se inutilice debido a la exposición a la suficiente tetraciclina medioambiental. Otras posibles contingencias eran la alergia y/o toxicidad de las proteínas expresadas por el gen, la posibilidad de un flujo genético o el aumento de la transmisión de patógenos humanos y la ocupación de lugares de cría desocupados por parte de otras especies vectores. La epidemia por el virus de Zika aumentó la importancia de Ae. aegypti como vector, entre los responsables y reguladores políticos, así como entre el público general, y aumentó las preocupaciones acerca de la liberación de machos de la cepa OX513A. Por lo tanto, se han vuelto a evaluar los posibles riesgos. Se ha descubierto que la liberación de mosquitos transgénicos sería segura y tendría un gran valor potencial en el control de la propagación de enfermedades por Ae. aegypti, como la fiebre chikungunya, el dengue y la enfermedad por el virus de Zika.
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REFERENCE:
Paes de Andrade P, et al. Use of transgenic Aedes aegypti in Brazil: risk perception and assessment. Bull World Health Organ. 2016 Oct 1;94(10):766-771.
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sábado, 17 de diciembre de 2016

Película completa "22 angeles" online, por RTVE. Hasta Dic 27, 2016. #viruela

Ya pueden verla en línea. Disponible hasta el 27 de diciembre de 2016.
Gran historia basada en hechos reales: la expedición encabezada por el doctor Francisco Javier Balmis que llevó la vacuna de la viruela a las Américas a comienzos del siglo XIX.
En el barco en el que emprenden la travesía viajan 22 niños, los portadores de la vacuna de la viruela “brazo a brazo”. Junto a ellos, la directora de un orfanato de A Coruña, Isabel Cendal, la encargada de encontrar a los “22 ángeles” y la persona que se ocupará de ellos a lo largo de toda la travesía. Una mujer en un barco lleno de rudos marineros, pero donde también viaja el ayudante del doctor Balmis, el doctor Salvany.

>> VER COMPLETO "22 ÀNGELES" <<
http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/22-angeles/22-angeles-cap-1-hd/3827192/

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martes, 13 de diciembre de 2016

Revista Mexicana de Bioseguridad 2016

La Asociación Mexicana de Bioseguridad presentó la nueva Revista MExicana de Bioseguridad 2016, que contiene como artículo principal los Lineamientos para la Gestión de Riesgo Biológico, un gran esfuerzo de profesionales de Bioseguridad en México, con base en el CWA15793: Laboratory Biorisk Management 2018. La revista contiene además, el archivo fotográfico y resúmenes de trabajos libres del 8º Simposio de Bioseguridad y Biocustodia desarrollado en 2016. Pueden descargar la revista y sus ediciones anteriores desde la página: http://amexbio.wildapricot.org/Revista

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lunes, 5 de diciembre de 2016

Establishing protocols for tick containment at Biosafety Level 4.

Tick-borne diseases continue to emerge and have a great impact on public health and agriculture. In addition, many of the agents of tick-borne diseases, which are classified as Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) viruses, have the potential to be used as biothreat agents. In spite of the known importance of these pathogens, there is an acute shortage of facilities and trained personnel to study the pathogenesis of tick-borne diseases and to assess vaccine as well as other therapeutic interventions against tick-borne diseases as they are transmitted in nature. We, at the Galveston National Laboratory, have developed facilities and protocols to safely work with BSL4 virus-infected ticks. This capability adds tremendous value to the Nation's training and research endeavors. In this report we describe the procedures and protocols to establish tick work in a BSL4 laboratory.

REFERENCE:
Thangamani S, Bente D. Establishing protocols for tick containment at Biosafety Level 4. Pathog Dis. 2014 Jul;71(2):282-5.
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lunes, 28 de noviembre de 2016

Preparation of viral samples within biocontainment for ultrastructural analysis

Transmission electron microscopy can be used to observe the ultrastructure of viruses and other microbial pathogens with nanometer resolution. In a transmission electron microscope (TEM), the image is created by passing an electron beam through a specimen with contrast generated by electron scattering from dense elements in the specimen. Viruses do not normally contain dense elements, so a negative stain that places dense heavy metal salts around the sample is added to create a dark border. To prepare a virus sample for a negative stain transmission electron microscopy, a virus suspension is applied to a TEM grid specimen support, which is a 3mm diameter fragile specimen screen coated with a few nanometers of plastic film. Then, deionized (dI) water rinses and a negative stain solution are applied to the grid. All infectious viruses must be handled in a biosafety cabinet (BSC) and many require a biocontainment laboratory environment. Staining viruses in biosafety levels (BSL) 3 and 4 is especially challenging because the support grids are small, fragile, and easily moved by air currents. In this study we evaluated a new device for negative staining viruses called mPrep/g capsule. It is a capsule that holds up to two TEM grids during all processing steps and for storage after staining is complete. This study reports that the mPrep/g capsule method is valid and effective to negative stain virus specimens, especially in high containment laboratory environments.

REFERENCE:
Monninger MK, et al. Preparation of viral samples within biocontainment for ultrastructural analysis: Utilization of an innovative processing capsule for negative staining. J Virol Methods. 2016 Dec;238:70-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.10.005. PubMed PMID: 27751950.
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martes, 22 de noviembre de 2016

#VIDEO: Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory

Biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) suit laboratories are specifically designed to study high-consequence pathogens for which neither infection prophylaxes nor treatment options exist. The hallmarks of these laboratories are: custom-designed airtight doors, dedicated supply and exhaust airflow systems, a negative-pressure environment, and mandatory use of positive-pressure (“space”) suits. The risk for laboratory specialists working with highly pathogenic agents is minimized through rigorous training and adherence to stringent safety protocols and standard operating procedures. Researchers perform the majority of their work in BSL-2 laboratories and switch to BSL-4 suit laboratories when work with a high-consequence pathogen is required. Collaborators and scientists considering BSL-4 projects should be aware of the challenges associated with BSL-4 research both in terms of experimental technical limitations in BSL-4 laboratory space and the increased duration of such experiments. Tasks such as entering and exiting the BSL-4 suit laboratories are considerably more complex and time-consuming compared to BSL-2 and BSL-3 laboratories. The focus of this particular article is to address basic biosafety concerns and describe the entrance and exit procedures for the BSL-4 laboratory at the NIH/NIAID Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick. Such procedures include checking external systems that support the BSL-4 laboratory, and inspecting and donning positive-pressure suits, entering the laboratory, moving through air pressure-resistant doors, and connecting to air-supply hoses. We will also discuss moving within and exiting the BSL-4 suit laboratories, including using the chemical shower and removing and storing positive-pressure suits.

REFERENCE:
Janosko, Krisztina et al. “Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 1. Biosafety Level 4 Suit Laboratory Suite Entry and Exit Procedures.” Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE 116 (2016): 52317. PMC. Web. 17 Nov. 2016.
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lunes, 14 de noviembre de 2016

Containment of Arthropod Disease Vectors

Arthropods
Effective containment of arthropod vectors of infectious diseases is necessary to prevent transmission of pathogens by released, infected vectors and to prevent vectors that escape from establishing populations that subsequently contribute to increased disease. Although rare, past releases illustrate what can go wrong and justify the need for guidelines that minimize risks. An overview of recommendations for insectary facilities, practices, and equipment is provided, and features of four recently published and increasingly rigorous arthropod containment levels (ACLs 1-4) are summarized. ACL-1 is appropriate for research that constitutes the lowest risk level, including uninfected arthropods or vectors that are infected with micro-organisms that do not cause disease in humans, domestic animals, or wildlife. ACL-2 is appropriate for indigenous and exotic arthropods that represent a moderate risk, including vectors infected or suspected of being infected with biosafety level (BSL)-2 infectious agents and arthropods that have been genetically modified in ways that do not significantly affect their fecundity, survival, host preference, or vector competence. ACL-3 is recommended for arthropods that are or may be infected with BSL-3 infectious agents. ACL-3 places greater emphasis on pathogen containment and more restricted access to the insectary than ACL-2. ACL-4 is intended for arthropods that are infected with the most dangerous BSL-4 infectious agents, which can cause life-threatening illness by aerosol or arthropod bite. Adherence to these guidelines will result in laboratory-based arthropod vector research that minimizes risks and results in important new contributions to applied and basic science.

REFERENCE:
Scott TW. Containment of arthropod disease vectors. ILAR J. 2005;46(1):53-61. Review.

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lunes, 7 de noviembre de 2016

Communicable Diseases and Outbreak Control

Infectious disease during an emergency condition can raise the death rate 60 times in comparison to other causes including trauma. An epidemic, or outbreak, can occur when several aspects of the agent (pathogen), population (hosts), and the environment create an ideal situation for spread. Overcrowding, poor regional design and hygiene due to poverty, dirty drinking water, rapid climate changes, and natural disasters, can lead to conditions that allow easier transmission of disease. Once it has been established that an emergency condition exists, there must be a prompt and thorough response for communicable disease control. A camp should be created, and the disease managed rapidly. The overall goals are rapid assessment, prevention, surveillance, outbreak control, and disease management.
REFERENCE:
AMELI, Jonathan. “Communicable Diseases and Outbreak Control.” Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine 15.Suppl 1 (2015): 20–26. PMC.

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lunes, 31 de octubre de 2016

Informe Mundial sobre el Paludismo 2015

El Informe Mundial sobre el Paludismo 2015 resume la información recibida de los países en los que esta enfermedad es endémica, así como de otras fuentes. En él se evalúan las tendencias mundiales y regionales del paludismo, se destacan los progresos realizados hacia la consecución de las metas mundiales, y se describen las oportunidades y los desafíos en el control y eliminación de la enfermedad.
El informe muestra una disminución dramática en la carga global del paludismo desde el 2000. Cincuenta y siete países redujeron sus casos de paludismo en un 75%, en línea con las metas de la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud para el 2015.
A pesar de este enorme progreso, todavía queda mucho por hacer para reducir aún más la carga del paludismo. La Estrategia Técnica Mundial contra la Malaria 2016-2030, aprobada por la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud en mayo de 2015, establece objetivos ambiciosos pero alcanzables para el año 2030, incluyendo una reducción de por lo menos el 90% en la incidencia y mortalidad por paludismo a nivel mundial.

REFERENCE:
Informe Mundial sobre el Paludismo 2015
Número de páginas: 32
Fecha de publicación: 2016
Idiomas: Español, francés e inglés
Número de referencia OMS: WHO/HTM/GMP.2016.2 (resumen)
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Recent Advances in Antimicrobial Polymers: A Mini-Review

Human safety and well-being is threatened by microbes causing numerous infectious diseases resulting in a large number of deaths every year. Despite substantial progress in antimicrobial drugs, many infectious diseases remain difficult to treat. Antimicrobial polymers offer a promising antimicrobial strategy for fighting pathogens and have received considerable attention in both academic and industrial research. This mini-review presents the advances made in antimicrobial polymers since 2013. Antimicrobial mechanisms exhibiting either passive or active action and polymer material types containing bound or leaching antimicrobials are introduced. This article also addresses the applications of these antimicrobial polymers in the medical, food, and textile industries.

REFERENCE:
Huang, Keng-Shiang et al. “Recent Advances in Antimicrobial Polymers: A Mini-Review.” Ed. Antonella Piozzi and Iolanda Francolini. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17.9 (2016): 1578.
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jueves, 27 de octubre de 2016

VIDEO: Safety procedures for handling sharps

This VIDEO discusses proper safety procedures for handling sharps in the lab:


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lunes, 24 de octubre de 2016

The Weekly Epidemiological Record (WER)

The Weekly Epidemiological Record (WER) serves as an essential instrument for the rapid and accurate dissemination of epidemiological information on cases and outbreaks of diseases under the International Health Regulations and on other communicable diseases of public health importance, including emerging or re-emerging infections.

REFERENCE:
Weekly Epidemiological Record (WER)

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