Evidence-Based Biosafety

We examined the available evidence on the effectiveness of measures aimed at protecting humans and the environment against the risks of working with genetically modified microorganisms (GMOs) and with non-GMO pathogenic microorganisms. A few principles and methods underlie the current biosafety practice: risk assessment, biological containment, concentration and enclosure, exposure minimization, physical containment, and hazard minimization. Many of the current practices are based on experience and expert judgment. The effectiveness of biosafety measures may be evaluated at the level of single containment equipment items and procedures, at the level of the laboratory as a whole, or at the clinical-epidemiological level. Data on the containment effectiveness of equipment and laboratories are scarce and fragmented. Laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) are therefore important for evaluating the effectiveness of biosafety. For the majority of LAIs there appears to be no direct cause, suggesting that failures of biosafety were not noticed or that containment may have been insufficient. The number of reported laboratory accidents associated with GMOs is substantially lower than that of those associated with non-GMOs. It is unknown to what extent specific measures contribute to the overall level of biosafety. We therefore recommend that the evidence base of biosafety practice be strengthened.
REFERENCE:
Kimman TG, Smit E, Klein MR. Evidence-based biosafety: a review of the principles and effectiveness of microbiological containment measures. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008 Jul;21(3):403-25. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00014-08. Review. PubMed. PMID: 18625678
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Antibiotics, #Resistome and Resistance Mechanisms: A Bacterial Perspective

History of mankind is regarded as struggle against infectious diseases. Rather than observing the withering away of bacterial diseases, antibiotic resistance has emerged as a serious global health concern. Medium of antibiotic resistance in bacteria varies greatly and comprises of target protection, target substitution, antibiotic detoxification and block of intracellular antibiotic accumulation. Further aggravation to prevailing situation arose on observing bacteria gradually becoming resistant to different classes of antibiotics through acquisition of resistance genes from same and different genera of bacteria. Attributing bacteria with feature of better adaptability, dispersal of antibiotic resistance genes to minimize effects of antibiotics by various means including horizontal gene transfer (conjugation, transformation, and transduction), Mobile genetic elements (plasmids, transposons, insertion sequences, integrons, and integrative-conjugative elements) and bacterial toxin-antitoxin system led to speedy bloom of antibiotic resistance amongst bacteria. Proficiency of bacteria to obtain resistance genes generated an unpleasant situation; a grave, but a lot unacknowledged, feature of resistance gene transfer.
REFERENCE:
Sultan I, et al. Antibiotics, Resistome and Resistance Mechanisms: A Bacterial Perspective. Front Microbiol. 2018 Sep 21;9:2066.

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Cabinas de seguridad biológica: Uso, desinfección y mantenimiento

Las cabinas de seguridad biológica (CSB), comúnmente conocidas como cabinas de bioseguridad, forman parte de un grupo de equipos destinados a mejorar las condiciones generales bajo las cuales se realizan una gran variedad de actividades en los laboratorios clínicos y de investigación en el área de salud pública. Estas actividades abarcan desde procesos rutinarios para la identificación de microorganismos hasta actividades especializadas de investigación. Así mismo, son igualmente conocidas con diversos nombres tales como “gabinetes de bioseguridad”, “campanas de flujo laminar” y “purificadores”, entre otros, el término “flujo laminar” se utiliza también comúnmente para identificarlas. Los equipos son los que garantizan la existencia de ambientes controlados, indispensables para realizar actividades que por sus características resultan potencialmente peligrosas para la salud del hombre y del ambiente. Por otra parte, algunas de las cabinas protegen el estado de los productos o cultivos objeto de la investigación.

REFERENCIA
Cabinas de seguridad biológica: Uso, desinfección y mantenimiento, WHO 2002. 1ª Ed.
ISBN 92 75 32416 6

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The basics of animal biosafety and biocontainment training

The threat of biocontamination in an animal facility is best subdued by training. 'Training' is an ambiguous designation that may not be adequately appreciated in all animal facilities. The authors set down concrete training topics and provide practical advice on incorporating the basic principles of facility biosafety training--as well as the precautions and procedures that employees must know in case of accident or emergency--into various training models. They also discuss the current biosafety publications and guidelines and their relationship to biosafety training.

REFERENCE:
Pritt S, Hankenson FC, Wagner T, Tate M. The basics of animal biosafety and biocontainment training. Lab Anim (NY). 2007 Jun;36(6):31-8. PubMed PMID: 17519943.

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Chemical Use in Animal Models

Institutional health and safety programs are responsible for minimizing personnel risk in working with animals that have been administered hazardous chemicals. Regulations and associated guidance are lacking in specific processes for managing these animals. A chemical control banding system categorizes chemicals into bands where each band level is associated with specific control practices. This article describes a general approach to the engineering, administrative, and personal protective equipment practices for developing an animal chemical control banding system. An internal committee should be responsible for conducting the risk assessments to assign chemicals used in animals into band levels, with many factors and resources included to facilitate in this process. The authors provide examples from their home institution where an animal chemical banding system was implemented. Institutions can use this information when designing their own programs, which will likely be unique in consideration of their specific needs and resources.
REFERENCE:
Vanessa K. Lee, Leslie M. Hubble, and Scott W. Thomaston. Chemical Use in Animal Models. Applied Biosafety Vol 23, Issue 3, pp. 153 - 161

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Zoonotic Infections from Hantavirus and Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) Associated with Rodent Colonies That Were Not Experimentally Infected

The risk assessment for research involving rodents housed in colonies must include the potential for transmission of Hantavirus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Various zoonotic strains of Hantavirus are present at varying levels in wild rodent reservoirs around the world; LCMV infects a percentage of the common house mouse population. The infection in rodents for these viruses is generally inapparent, and transmission of both viruses to staff working with the rodents is documented in the literature. Exposure to aerosolized feces, urine, nesting material dust, or bites from an infected rodent can transmit the virus to both the staff and the uninfected rodents in the colony. Infection can also be spread to rodents from implantation of cells passaged in infected rodents, since both viruses retain infectivity during storage of infected cells in liquid nitrogen. This literature survey of occupational infections with Hantavirus and LCMV arising from work with rodent colonies is offered to increase understanding of 4 elements of AAALAC International requirements for rodent colony management: pest control, verification of pathogen status prior to import of rodents, health monitoring of rodent colonies, and pathogen testing of rodent-derived biologicals used in animal protocols. Although published case studies do not provide statistical data, the cases presented here illustrate the importance of adhering to rigorous colony management programs. The pet industry in the United States does not follow these critical standards, as evidenced by the outbreak of Seoul virus, a strain of Hantavirus, in 2018 and a larger outbreak of LCMV virus that occurred in 2012.
REFERENCE:
Karen B. Byers. Zoonotic Infections from Hantavirus and Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) Associated with Rodent Colonies That Were Not Experimentally Infected. Applied Biosafety Vol 23, Issue 3, pp. 143 - 152
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Animal Research Biosafety

The use of laboratory animals as experimental models of disease has been a critical tool for biomedical researchers for decades. Animal studies allow scientists to discover and understand the mechanism of infection and ultimately to develop effective treatment and prevention modalities. Workers who directly handle infectious microbes or infected laboratory animals are at risk of exposure while performing their assigned duties. A comprehensive biosafety program, led by a biosafety professional, is critical to properly protect workers and the surrounding community. Such a program includes a thorough understanding of the biohazard through formal risk assessment, implementation of effective biohazard controls, and extensive training of all personnel who are at risk of exposure.

REFERENCE:
T. Scott Alderman, Calvin B. Carpenter, and Rebecca McGirr. Animal Research Biosafety. Applied Biosafety Vol 23, Issue 3, pp. 130 - 142

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Institutional Responsibilities for the Oversight of Personnel Safety in Animal Research

Research programs utilizing animal models present a wide variety of risks to personnel safety. These risks stem from a range of hazards including well-recognized physical, chemical, or infectious hazards to novel or less-well defined hazards associated with new and emerging technologies. Institutions must provide appropriate oversight of occupational health and safety programs to help prevent and recognize personnel injury or illness. In this article, we review institutional responsibilities pertaining to animal research safety programs including their regulatory basis and practices necessary for their effective oversight.

REFERENCES:

• Melissa C. Dyson, William G. Greer, and Lesley A. Colby. Institutional Responsibilities for the Oversight of Personnel Safety in Animal Research. Applied Biosafety Vol 23, Issue 3, pp. 122 - 129
• Eric J. Rouse, Joshua Turse, and David Gillum. 2018 Biosafety Month–Promoting a Culture of Biosafety and Responsibility. Applied Biosafety Vol 23, Issue 3, pp. 120 - 121

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High Containment Pathogen Preparation in the Intensive Care Unit

The recent Ebola virus disease outbreak highlighted the need to build national and worldwide capacity to provide care for patients with highly infectious diseases. Specialized biocontainment units were successful in treating a number of critically ill patients with Ebola virus disease both in the United States and Europe. Several key principles underlie the care of critically ill patients in a high containment environment. Environmental factors, staffing, equipment, training, laboratory testing, procedures and waste management each present unique challenges. A multidisciplinary approach is key to developing effective systems and protocols to maintain the safety of patients, staff and communities.
REFERENCE:
Garibaldi, Brian T., and Daniel S. Chertow. “High Containment Pathogen Preparation in the Intensive Care Unit.” Infectious disease clinics of North America 31.3 (2017): 561–576. PMC. Web. 1 Oct. 2018.


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A Review of Laboratory-Acquired Infections in the Asia-Pacific

A rapid review was performed to determine (1) the number and causes of reported laboratory-acquired infections (LAI) in the Asia-Pacific region; (2) their significance and threat to the community; (3) the primary risk factors associated with LAIs; (4) the consequences in the event of a LAI or pathogen escape; and (5) to make general recommendations regarding biosafety practices for diagnosis and research in the Asia-Pacific region. A search for LAI and zoonoses in the Asia-Pacific region using online search engines revealed a relatively low number of reports. Only 27 LAI reports were published between 1982 and 2016. The most common pathogens associated with LAIs were dengue virus, Arthroderma spp., Brucella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Rickettsia spp., and Shigella spp. Seventy-eight percent (21 out of 27 LAI reports) occurred in high-income countries (i.e., Australia, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan) where laboratories were likely to comply with international biosafety standards. Two upper-middle income countries (China (2), and Malaysia (2)) and one lower-middle income country (India (2)) reported LAI incidents. The majority of the reports (fifty-two percent (14/27)) of LAIs occurred in research laboratories. Five LAI reports were from clinical or diagnostic laboratories that are considered at the frontier for zoonotic disease detection. Governments and laboratories in the Asia-Pacific region should be encouraged to report LAI cases as it provides a useful tool to monitor unintended release of zoonotic pathogens and to further improve laboratory biosafety. Non-reporting of LAI events could pose a risk of disease transmission from infected laboratory staff to communities and the environment. The international community has an important and continuing role to play in supporting laboratories in the Asia-Pacific region to ensure that they maintain the safe working environment for the staff and their families, and the wider community.
REFERENCE:
Siengsanan-Lamont, Jarunee, and Stuart D. Blacksell. “A Review of Laboratory-Acquired Infections in the Asia-Pacific: Understanding Risk and the Need for Improved Biosafety for Veterinary and Zoonotic Diseases.” Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3.2 (2018): 36. PMC. Web. 1 Oct. 2018.

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Mutaciones de mutidrogo-resistencia en Aspergillus relacionadas a exposición ambiental de fungicidas #aspergilosis

The environmental mold Aspergillus fumigatus is the primary cause of invasive aspergillosis. In patients with high-risk conditions, including stem cell and organ transplant recipients, mortality exceeds 50%. Triazole antifungals have greatly improved survival (1); however, triazole-resistant A. fumigatus infections are increasingly reported worldwide and are associated with increased treatment failure and mortality (2). Of particular concern are resistant A. fumigatus isolates carrying either TR34/L98H or TR46/Y121F/T289A genetic resistance markers, which have been associated with environmental triazole fungicide use rather than previous patient exposure to antifungals (3,4). Reports of these triazole-resistant A. fumigatus strains have become common in Europe (2,3), but U.S. reports are limited (5). Because of the risk posed to immunocompromised patients, understanding the prevalence of such isolates in patients is important to guide clinical and public health decision-making. In 2011, CDC initiated passive laboratory monitoring for U.S. triazole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates through outreach to clinical laboratories. This system identified five TR34/L98H isolates collected from 2016 to 2017 (6), in addition to two other U.S. isolates collected in 2010 and 2014 and reported in 2015 (5). Four of these seven isolates were reported from Pennsylvania, two from Virginia, and one from California. Three isolates were collected from patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and four patients had no known previous triazole exposure. A. fumigatus resistant to all triazole medications is emerging in the United States, and clinicians and public health personnel need to be aware that resistant infections are possible even in patients not previously exposed to these medications.

REFERENCE:
Beer KD, et al. Multidrug-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus Carrying Mutations Linked to Environmental Fungicide Exposure — Three States, 2010–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:1064–1067.
Image from: MicrobeWiki.
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Bacillus anthracis as a cause of bovine abortion - a necropsy case requiring special biosafety measures

In spring 2017, the first case of bovine anthrax in 20 years in Switzerland occurred in the canton of Jura. Carcasses of anthrax-deceased animals should not be opened due to the formation of highly resistant spores bearing the risk of environmental contamination and aerosolization. Nevertheless, in the course of this local outbreak, one sick cow from the affected farm, whose blood repeatedly tested negative for Bacillus anthracis, was necropsied after euthanasia under special biosafety precautions at the Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty Bern. Necropsy revealed ventral edema, fetal death, necro-hemorrhagic placentitis and necrotizing iliac lymphadenitis. Bacillus anthracis was isolated only from placenta and altered lymph node. The biosafety measures taken during and after necropsy prevented a contamination of the necropsy environment, which was proven with bacteriological swabs. This case shows that anthrax may elicit unspecific symptoms mimicking other diseases, and veterinarians must be aware of these non-septicemic cases.

REFERENCE:
Dettwiler M, et al. Bacillus anthracis as a cause of bovine abortion - a necropsy case requiring special biosafety measures. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2018 Sep;160(9):547-552. doi: 10.17236/sat00176. PubMed PMID: 30206051.

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El webinar sobre mascarillas N95 (inglés) ya está disponible ONLINE

NIOSH organiza cada año un seminario en línea sobre mascarillas N95. Para poder verlo es necesario instalar el programa ADOBE CONNECT. El programa le permitirá escuchar la grabación, y descargar las diapositivas en power point.
Pueden ver el webinar sobre mascarillas N95 por internet en la siguiente liga:
https://niosh-connect.adobeconnect.com/px5qr6ckhkdu/

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Biosafety conducts adopted by orthodontists

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional observational study was designed to assess the biosafety conducts adopted by orthodontists, and possible differences regarding training time.  METHODS: Both the application of methods for sterilization/disinfection of instruments and materials, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) were collected through questionnaires via e-mail. RESULTS: The questionnaires were answered by 90 orthodontists with a mean age of 37.19 ± 9.08 years and mean training time of 13.52 ± 6.84 years. Regarding orthodontic pliers, 63.23% use an autoclave, except 1 who does not perform any procedure. All participants use autoclave to sterilize instruments, and 95.6% of respondents perform cleaning with chemicals prior to sterilization. Most of them (65.56%) use an autoclave to sterilize orthodontic bands, with some still associating disinfection methods, while few (18.89%) do nothing at all. There was a high incidence of the answer "nothing" for the methods used for elastic, accessories, bandages, metal springs, and arches. All respondents use mask and gloves in attendance, 78.92% use aprons, 58.92% use protective goggles, and 50.01% use cap. Training time significantly influenced (p = 0.003) only the use of glutaraldehyde for sterilization/disinfection of pliers. CONCLUSIONS: The sterilization and cleaning of pliers, instruments, and bands, besides the use of PPE, received more uniform and positive responses, while other items suggest disagreements and possible failures. Only orthodontists trained for more than 13 years choose using glutaraldehyde for pliers sterilization/disinfection, the only adopted method with a significant difference in relation to training time.
REFERENCE:
Monteiro, Camila Gonçalves Jezini et al. “Biosafety Conducts Adopted by Orthodontists.” Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 23.3 (2018): 73–79.

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Economic implications between antibiotic use and hospital-acquired infections

OBJECTIVES: The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance is still an unresolved problem worldwide. Recent evidence shows correlations between the volume of broad-spectrum antibiotics used in the hospital setting and the incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. According to this dynamic relationship, loss of antibiotic activity can be modeled as a negative externality of antibiotic consumption.
METHODS: The present study proposes to present an economic model describing the probability of antibiotic treatment failure as a function of antimicrobial use and alcohol-based hand-rub use. Furthermore, the results of recently conducted time-series analyses and cost-of-illness studies are applied to the model to determine the externalities of antibiotic consumption and alcohol-based hand-rub use with respect to the costs of hospital-acquired infections.
RESULTS: According to our calculations, the consumption of third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones is associated with the highest negative externalities (€143 and €101, respectively) because their use has been shown to be associated with most types of hospital-acquired infections. In contrast, the use of alcohol-based hand-rub solution for hand disinfection is associated with a positive externality of 41 cents per single disinfection of the hands.
CONCLUSIONS: The externalities presented in this work represent a possible application of cost-of-illness data to quantify the impact of antibiotic use on antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the results indicate that most economic research on the topic is biased in assuming the overall use of antibiotics to be responsible for the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
REFERENCE:
Kaier K. Economic implications of the dynamic relationship between antibiotic  use and hospital-acquired infections. Value Health. 2012 Jan;15(1):87-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2011.09.005. Epub 2011 Nov 6. PubMed PMID: 22264976.

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N95 Day 2018 Webinar: Trending Topics in Respiratory Protection

Registration: https://niosh-connect.adobeconnect.com/n95day2018/event/event_info.html

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Alcohol Sanitizer

Fragmento
According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) hand hygiene encompasses the cleansing of your hands by using hand washing with soap and water, antiseptic hand washes, antiseptic hand rubs such as alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS), foams or gels, or surgical hand antisepsis. For many reasons, alcohol hand sanitizers are increasingly being used as disinfectants over hand washing with soap and water.  Their ease of availability, no need for water or plumbing, and their proven effectiveness in reducing microbial load are just a few. In one study, a hospital-wide, hand hygiene campaign with special emphasis on bedside, alcohol-based hand disinfection resulted sustained improvement in hand-hygiene compliance, coinciding with a reduction of nosocomial infections and MRSA transmission. The promotion of bedside, antiseptic, hand rubs largely contributed to the increase in compliance. Many other studies have demonstrated that having bedside alcohol-based solutions availabale increased compliance with hand hygiene among HCWs.
REFERENCE:
Gold NA, Avva U. Alcohol Sanitizer. [Updated 2018 Jun 23]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513254/

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Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus for Men

Zika virus infection can occur as a result of mosquitoborne or sexual transmission of the virus. Infection during pregnancy is a cause of fetal brain abnormalities and other serious birth defects (1,2). CDC has updated the interim guidance for men with possible Zika virus exposure who 1) are planning to conceive with their partner, or 2) want to prevent sexual transmission of Zika virus at any time (3). CDC now recommends that men with possible Zika virus exposure who are planning to conceive with their partner wait for at least 3 months after symptom onset (if symptomatic) or their last possible Zika virus exposure (if asymptomatic) before engaging in unprotected sex. CDC now also recommends that for couples who are not trying to conceive, men can consider using condoms or abstaining from sex for at least 3 months after symptom onset (if symptomatic) or their last possible Zika virus exposure (if asymptomatic) to minimize their risk for sexual transmission of Zika virus.

REFERENCE:
Polen KD, et al. Update: Interim Guidance for Preconception Counseling and Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus for Men with Possible Zika Virus Exposure — United States, August 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:868-871. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6731e2

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CDC lab training on-demand #Biosafety #CDC #laboratory

Estos cursos on-demand de aproximadamente 1 hr., son para personal de laboratorio que proporcionan certificados avalados por el CDC, que pueden usar en su currículum, con créditos P.A.C.E. y son gratuitos. Para obtener el certificado, deben completar el curso, y aprobar el examen con más de 80%. Los de bioseguridad son los siguientes:

1. Fundamentals Of Centrifuge Safety  
2. Fundamentals of Working Safely in a Biological Safety Cabinet
3. Packing and Shipping Division 6.2 Materials: What the Laboratory Professional Should Know 2016  

La lista completa en: https://www.cdc.gov/labtraining/

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Laboratory-acquired scrub typhus and murine typhus infections #LAIs

This study examined the literature on laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) associated with scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi) and murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi) research to provide an evidence base for biosafety and biocontainment. Scrub typhus LAIs were documented in 25 individuals, from 1931-2000 with 8 (32%) deaths during the pre-antibiotic era. There were 35 murine typhus LAI reports and no deaths. Results indicated that highest risk activities were working with infectious laboratory animals involving significant aerosol exposures, accidental self-inoculation or bite related infections. A risk-based biosafety approach for in vitro and in vivo culture of O. tsutsugamushi and R. typhi would require only high-risk activities (animal work or large culture volumes) be performed in high containment BSL3 laboratories. We argue that relatively low risk activities including inoculation of cell cultures or the early stages of in vitro growth using low volumes/low concentrations of infectious materials can be performed safely in BSL2 laboratories within a biological safety cabinet.
REFERENCE:
Blacksell SD, et al; Laboratory-acquired scrub typhus and murine typhus infections: The argument for risk-based approach to biosafety requirements for Orientia tsutsugamushi and Rickettsia typhi laboratory activities, Clinical Infectious Diseases ciy675, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy675

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Semanas nacionales de vacunación en México

Las Semanas Nacionales de Salud tienen como objetivo aplicar las vacunas que necesitan los menores de 5 años para completar su esquema básico, así como las que se administran de forma complementaria a los adolescentes y adultos.
En el país desde 1980 se iniciaron las Semanas Nacionales de Vacunación que en un principio se llamaron fases intensivas de vacunación, su objetivo principal es proteger la salud de la niñez.
Primera Semana Nacional de Salud
Se lleva a cabo a finales de febrero y principios de marzo y tiene como objetivo principal la aplicación de la vacuna Sabin a todos los menores de 5 años, con lo que se previene la polio. También se refuerza la aplicación de las vacunas anti rotavirus, anti neumococo, pentavalente, BCG y hepatitis B a menores de 1 año de edad, entre otras actividades.
Segunda Semana Nacional de Salud
Se lleva a cabo a finales de mayo y principios de junio y tiene como objetivo principal la aplicación del refuerzo de la vacuna Sabin a todos los menores de 5 años, con lo que se previene la polio.
Tercera Semana Nacional de Salud
Se lleva a cabo a principios del mes de octubre y tiene como objetivo principal la aplicación de la vacuna Triple viral a todos los menores de 6 y 7 años, con lo que se previenen los casos de sarampión, rubéola y paperas. También se refuerza la aplicación de las vacunas BCG, pentavalente A, Hepatitis B, rotavirus y en este año en especial se aplica la que previene el virus del papiloma humano.

Esquema de vacunación:

Vacuna	Enfermerdad que previene	A quién se aplica
Sabin	Poliomielitis	Niños y niñas menores de 5 años
Antihepatitis B	Hepatitis B	Niños y niñas menores de 5 años y adolescentes
Pentavalente acelular	Difteria, Tosferina, Tétanos, Poliomelitis y H. Influenzae	Niños y niñas menores 5 años
DPT	Difteria, Tosferina y Tétanos	Niños y niñas de 4 años
Rotavirus	Gastroenteritis causada por rotavirus	Niños y niñas menores de 1 año
Neumococica conjugada	Infecciones por neumococo	Niños y niñas de 2, 4 y 12 meses
Triple Viral SRP	Sarampión, Rubéola y Parotiditis	Niños y niñas de 1 y 6 años
TD	Tétanos y Difteria	Embarazadas, hombres y mujeres mayores de 12 años
SR	Sarampión, rubéola	Hombres y mujeres de 1 a 4 años

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Pathogen Risk Assessment guideline

The Pathogen Risk Assessment guideline was developed by the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) as part of a series of electronic publications that expand upon the biosafety and biosecurity concepts discussed in the current edition of the Canadian Biosafety Handbook (CBH), the companion document to the Canadian Biosafety Standard (CBS). It describes how to conduct a pathogen risk assessment to evaluate the risks associated with human or animal pathogens, toxins, or other regulated infectious material. This guideline is intended to assist organizations in meeting the requirements specified in the CBS, but should not be interpreted as requirements. Organizations may choose alternate approaches to meet the requirements specified in the CBS.

Conducting a biosecurity risk assessment
This guideline describes best practices for conducting a biosecurity risk assessment in an organization where human or animal pathogens, toxins, or other regulated infectious material are handled or stored. The biosecurity risks associated with the handling and storing of pathogens and toxins can be minimized through the application of appropriate mitigation measures identified through the risk assessment process.

REFERENCIAS

1. Pathogen Risk Assessment
2. Conducting a biosecurity risk assessment.

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8º Curso de animales de laboratorio.

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Biosecurity practices on Australian commercial layer and meat chicken farms: Performance and perceptions of farmers

This paper describes the level of adoption of biosecurity practices performed on Australian commercial chicken meat and layer farms and farmer-perceived importance of these practices. On-farm interviews were conducted on 25 free range layer farms, nine cage layer farms, nine barn layer farms, six free range meat chicken farms and 15 barn meat chicken farms in the Sydney basin bioregion and South East Queensland. There was a high level of treatment of drinking water across all farm types; town water was the most common source. In general, meat chicken farms had a higher level of adoption of biosecurity practices than layer farms. Cage layer farms had the shortest median distance between sheds (7.75m) and between sheds and waterbodies (30m). Equipment sharing between sheds was performed on 43% of free range meat chicken farms compared to 92% of free range layer farms. There was little disinfection of this shared equipment across all farm types. Footbaths and visitor recording books were used by the majority of farms for all farm types except cage layer farms (25%). Wild birds in sheds were most commonly reported in free range meat chicken farms (73%). Dogs and cats were kept across all farm types, from 56% of barn layer farms to 89% of cage layer farms, and they had access to the sheds in the majority (67%) of cage layer farms and on the range in some free range layer farms (44%). Most biosecurity practices were rated on average as 'very important' by farmers. A logistic regression analysis revealed that for most biosecurity practices, performing a practice was significantly associated with higher perceived farmer importance of that biosecurity practice. These findings help identify farm types and certain biosecurity practices with low adoption levels. This information can aid decision-making on efforts used to improve adoption levels.
REFERENCE:
Scott AB, et al. Biosecurity practices on Australian commercial layer and meat chicken farms: Performance and perceptions of farmers. PLoS One. 2018 Apr 18;13(4):e0195582. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195582. eCollection 2018. PubMed PMID: 29668707.

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Desinfectantes para manos a base de alcohol / Alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS)

Según el Centro para el Control de Enfermedades (CDC), la higiene de manos incluye la limpieza de las manos mediante el lavado de manos con agua y jabón, lavados antisépticos para manos, desinfectantes antisépticos para manos como desinfectantes para manos a base de alcohol (ABHS), espumas o geles, o antisepsia quirúrgica de la mano. Por muchas razones, los desinfectantes para manos con alcohol se usan cada vez más como desinfectantes en vez de lavarse las manos con agua y jabón. Su facilidad de disponibilidad, sin necesidad de agua o fontanería, y su probada eficacia para reducir la carga microbiana son solo algunas. En un estudio, una campaña de higiene de manos en todo el hospital, con especial énfasis en la desinfección de manos a base de alcohol, produjo una mejora sostenida en el cumplimiento de la higiene de manos, coincidiendo con una reducción de las infecciones nosocomiales y la transmisión de MRSA. La promoción de la cabecera de la cama, antisépticos, frotamientos de manos contribuyó en gran medida al aumento del cumplimiento. Muchos otros estudios han demostrado que disponer de soluciones basadas en el alcohol a pie de cama aumenta el cumplimiento de la higiene de manos entre los trabajadores de la salud. Sin embargo, es importante tener en cuenta que la eficacia del desinfectante para manos con alcohol depende de qué y cuánto producto se use, la técnica adecuada y la consistencia del uso. También hay situaciones donde estos productos no son ideales, por ejemplo, para prevenir la propagación de ciertas infecciones o cuando las manos están muy sucias y la carga bacteriana es demasiado alta.
REFERENCIA:
Gold NA, Avva U. Alcohol Sanitizer. 2018 Jun 23. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan-.

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