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miércoles, 14 de junio de 2017
Sobre el Simposio de Bioseguridad 2017
Con gran entusiasmo se llevó a cabo el 9º Simposio de Bioseguridad organizado por AMEXBIO en la ciudad de Morelia Michoacán el pasado 7 al 10 de Junio 2017, con el tema "CONTENCIÓN HOSPITALARIA". Los cursos presimposio impartidos, como todos los años, incluyeron temas de gran relevancia para el trabajo diario en el manejo de patógenos, incluyendo: uso de equipo de protección personal, manejo de residuos RPBI, diseño de laboratorios, entre otros.
Durante el simposio de tocaron temas como la resistencia microbiana a los antibióticos, el control de infecciones hospitalarias, la gestión de riesgos, la salud ocupacional, la biología sintética, descontaminación entre otros. Entre las diversas noticias que se tuvieron este año, es que el próximo año el simposio se llevará a cabo en Puerto Vallarta, para conmemorar y festejar el 10º Simposio de la AMEXBIO. Resúmenes periodísticos del simposio se vieron publicados en: Arizona State University, Quadratín Michoacán, Provincia El Diario Grande de Michoacán, entre otros.
La Asociación como siempre agradece el patrocinio de MERRICK México, Camfil, Procequip, DUO, Métrix, Éviter, Microbios y Lab-Tech, ya que sin su apoyo, el simposio de 2017 no se llevaría a cabo.
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lunes, 5 de junio de 2017
Medidas de control de infecciones en la atención sanitaria de pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias agudas en entornos comunitarios
El propósito del presente documento es proporcionar a los instructores material para el adiestramiento de los agentes de salud comunitarios (ASC) y otro personal sanitario en la atención segura de los pacientes de ERA tanto en el hogar como en dispensarios de la comunidad. En él se presenta información acerca de ciertos tipos de ERA, como el SRAS y la gripe aviar, afecciones consideradas de potencial impacto internacional por suponer un riesgo para la salud pública mundial, pero también incluye información que se aplica a todas las ERA. La guía incluye instrucciones sobre el uso de equipo de protección personal (EPP) (por ejemplo, mascarillas y guantes), controles ambientales (limpieza y desinfección, eliminación de desechos) y otras estrategias (lavado de manos, cómo proceder en caso de tos, distancia de los pacientes) con el fin de reducir el riesgo de exposición. El contenido del presente documento recoge las orientaciones presentadas en Prevención y control de infección en enfermedades respiratorias agudas con tendencia epidémica y pandémica durante la atención sanitaria - Pautas provisionales de la OMS.
REFERENCE:
Publication details
Publication date: 2009
Languages:
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REFERENCE:
Medidas de control de infecciones en la atención sanitaria de pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias agudas en entornos comunitarios
Publication date: 2009
Languages:
- Download document (English)
- Chinese
- French
- Spanish
DESCARGAR: GUÍA PARA EL ALUMNO
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lunes, 22 de mayo de 2017
Laboratory Biorisk Management Strategic Framework for Action
Although laboratory biosecurity is a relatively new concept to many, biosafety has been an established discipline for several decades. These fields have recently been elevated in prominence for a number of reasons, including laboratory acquired infections associated with SARS, the anthrax attacks in the US postal service, and renewed interest in the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), together with emerging issues relating to the rapid growth of biotechnology and concerns over the potential for illicit use of such technologies.However, despite significant investments in this field during the last decade, and progress made in strengthening biorisk management, many countries remain without effective regulatory and oversight mechanisms, and levels of awareness are often low amongst regulators and laboratory personnel alike. In addition, basic information relating to laboratory design and operating parameters is often confusing, with a lack of evidence to underpin many commonly used controls.
Developing countries in particular often struggle to implement solutions which have been designed for use in other parts of the world where different working conditions prevail. Adequate support services are also needed to operate laboratories. However, effective supplier networks, maintenance provision and other basic measures are often unavailable to those most in need.
At present there is no overarching framework or global strategy in this area to provide strategic direction to ensure that investments are planned and implemented appropriately to meet these needs. Without such strategic planning, biorisk management runs the danger of failing to meet the objective of delivering solutions that allow countries to build stand-alone capacity and capability.
This plan sets out a basis and rationale for WHO’s role in supporting the measures and mechanisms required to move towards the objective of supporting safe and secure environments in and around every laboratory in the world.
REFERENCE:
Laboratory Biorisk Management Strategic Framework for Action 2012–2016
Publication details
Number of pages: 16
Publication date: 2012
Languages: English
WHO reference number: WHO/HSE/2012.3
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lunes, 1 de mayo de 2017
Prevalence and characterization of murine leukemia virus contamination in human cell lines
Contaminations of cell cultures with microbiological organisms are well documented and can be managed in cell culture laboratories applying reliable detection, elimination and prevention strategies. However, the presence of viral contaminations in cell cultures is still a matter of debate and cannot be determined with general detection methods. In the present study we screened 577 human cell lines for the presence of murine leukemia viruses (MLV). Nineteen cell lines were found to be contaminated with MLV, including 22RV1 which is contaminated with the xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus variant of MLV. Of these, 17 cell lines were shown to produce active retroviruses determined by product enhanced reverse transcriptase PCR assay for reverse transcriptase activity. The contaminated cell lines derive from various solid tumor types as well as from leukemia and lymphoma types. A contamination of primary human cells from healthy volunteers could not be substantiated. Sequence analyses of 17 MLV PCR products and five complete MLV genomes of different infected cell lines revealed at least three groups of related MLV genotypes. The viruses harvested from the supernatants of infected cell cultures were infectious to uninfected cell cultures. In the course of the study we found that contamination of human genomic DNA preparations with murine DNA can lead to false-positive results. Presumably, xenotransplantations of the human tumor cells into immune-deficient mice to determine the tumorigenicity of the cells are mainly responsible for the MLV contaminations. Furthermore, the use of murine feeder layer cells during the establishment of human cell lines and a cross-contamination with MLV from infected cultures might be sources of infection. A screening of cell cultures for MLV contamination is recommended given a contamination rate of 3.3%.
REFERENCE
Uphoff CC, Lange S, Denkmann SA, Garritsen HS, Drexler HG. Prevalence and characterization of murine leukemia virus contamination in human cell lines. PLoS One. 2015 Apr 30;10(4):e0125622. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125622. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 25927683; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4416031.
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Uphoff CC, Lange S, Denkmann SA, Garritsen HS, Drexler HG. Prevalence and characterization of murine leukemia virus contamination in human cell lines. PLoS One. 2015 Apr 30;10(4):e0125622. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125622. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 25927683; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4416031.
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lunes, 24 de abril de 2017
LIBRO: Prevención de las infecciones nosocomiales, 2a edicíon, Guía práctica
| Prevencíon de las infecciones nosocomiales, 2a edicíon, Guía práctica | Prevention of hospital-acquired infections, 2nd edition. A practical guide | |
| Índice | Contents | |
| Introducción | Introduction | |
| Capítulo I. Epidemiología de las infecciones nosocomiales | Chapter I. Epidemiology of nosocomial infections | |
| Capítulo II. Programas de control de infecciones | Chapter II. Infection control programmes | |
| Capítulo III. Vigilancia de las infecciones nosocomiales | Chapter III. Nosocomial infection surveillance | |
| Capítulo IV. Forma de abordar los brotes | Chapter IV. dealing with outbreaks | |
| Capítulo V. Prevención de las infecciones nosocomiales | Chapter V. Prevention of nosocomial infections | |
| Capítulo VI. Prevención de las infecciones nosocomiales endémicas comunes | Chapter VI. Prevention of common endemic nosocomial infections | |
| Capítulo VII. Precauciones para el control de infecciones durante la atencíon del paciente | Chapter VII. Infection control precautiopns in patient care | |
| Capítulo VIII. Medio ambiente | Chapter VIII. Environment | |
| Capítulo IX. Uso de antimicrobianos y farmacorresistencia | Chapter IX. Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance | |
| Capítulo X. Prevención de infecciones del personal | Chapter X. Preventing infections of staff | |
| Anexo 1. Lecturas recomendadas | Annex 1. Suggested further reading | |
| Anexo 2. Recursos disponibles en Internet | Annex 2. Internet resources | |
| DESCARGAR ESPAÑOL | DOWNLOAD ENGLISH |
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lunes, 17 de abril de 2017
Xenotropic retrovirus Bxv1 in human pancreatic β cell lines
It has been reported that endogenous retroviruses can contaminate human cell lines that have been passaged as xenotransplants in immunocompromised mice. We previously developed and described 2 human pancreatic β cell lines (EndoC-βH1 and EndoC-βH2) that were generated in this way. Here, we have shown that B10 xenotropic virus 1 (Bxv1), a xenotropic endogenous murine leukemia virus (MuLV), is present in these 2 recently described cell lines. We determined that Bxv1 was also present in SCID mice that were used for in vivo propagation of EndoC-βH1/2 cells, suggesting that contamination occurred during xenotransplantation. EndoC-βH1/2 cells released Bxv1 particles that propagated to human 293T and Mus dunni cells. Mobilization assays demonstrated that Bxv1 transcomplements defective MuLV-based retrovectors. In contrast, common rodent β cell lines, rat INS-1E and RIN-5F cells and mouse MIN6 and βTC3 cells, displayed either no or extremely weak xenotropic helper activity toward MuLV-based retrovectors, although xenotropic retrovirus sequences and transcripts were detected in both mouse cell lines. Bxv1 propagation from EndoC-βH1/2 to 293T cells occurred only under optimized conditions and was overall poorly efficient. Thus, although our data imply that MuLV-based retrovectors should be cautiously used in EndoC-βH1/2 cells, our results indicate that an involuntary propagation of Bxv1 from these cells can be easily avoided with good laboratory practices.
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REFERENCE:
Kirkegaard JS, et al. Xenotropic retrovirus Bxv1 in human pancreatic β cell lines. J Clin Invest. 2016 Mar 1;126(3):1109-13.
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lunes, 10 de abril de 2017
Use and misuse of material transfer agreements: lessons in proportionality from research, repositories, and litigation
Material transfer agreements exist to facilitate the exchange of materials and associated data between researchers as well as to protect the interests of the researchers and their institutions. But this dual mandate can be a source of frustration for researchers, creating administrative burdens and slowing down collaborations. We argue here that in most cases in pre-competitive research, a simple agreement would suffice; the more complex agreements and mechanisms for their negotiation should be reserved for cases where the risks posed to the institution and the potential commercial value of the research reagents is high.
REFERENCE:
Bubela T, Guebert J, Mishra A. Use and misuse of material transfer agreements: lessons in proportionality from research, repositories, and litigation. PLoS Biol. 2015 Feb 3;13(2):e1002060.
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Bubela T, Guebert J, Mishra A. Use and misuse of material transfer agreements: lessons in proportionality from research, repositories, and litigation. PLoS Biol. 2015 Feb 3;13(2):e1002060.
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lunes, 3 de abril de 2017
Virus contaminations of cell cultures – A biotechnological view
REFERENCE:
Merten, O.-W. “Virus Contaminations of Cell Cultures – A Biotechnological View.” Cytotechnology 39.2 (2002): 91–116. PMC. Web. 3 Apr. 2017.
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Material Transfer Agreements: A University Perspective
Fragment:
Scientists have traditionally shared research materials freely, and indeed an important criterion for scientific publication has been the unfettered ability of other researchers to experimentally reproduce and thereby test published results. That ability to replicate results will often rely on access to the underlying biological materials or information, but that access is not assured today. So what has changed? Probably the most significant factor has been the narrowing of the gap between fundamental research and commercial developments, particularly in the biomedical arena, but it is also evident in agricultural biology (Rai and Eisenberg, 2001). Materials that at one time would have been useful almost exclusively for fundamental research purposes are increasingly seen as having direct commercial value, and this has generated a new breed of company that focuses on leveraging novel research tools to discover new commercially valuable traits, genes, or compounds. Naturally, these companies are reluctant to share their “crown jewels” without making sure that their business interests are protected. Also of significance has been the changing role of universities, which are today actively using the patent system as a means of transferring its research results into the private sector and often conduct research that is sponsored by private companies.
REFERENCE:
Streitz, Wendy D., and Alan B. Bennett. “Material Transfer Agreements: A University Perspective.” Plant Physiology 133.1 (2003): 10–13. PMC. Web. 30 Mar. 2017.
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Scientists have traditionally shared research materials freely, and indeed an important criterion for scientific publication has been the unfettered ability of other researchers to experimentally reproduce and thereby test published results. That ability to replicate results will often rely on access to the underlying biological materials or information, but that access is not assured today. So what has changed? Probably the most significant factor has been the narrowing of the gap between fundamental research and commercial developments, particularly in the biomedical arena, but it is also evident in agricultural biology (Rai and Eisenberg, 2001). Materials that at one time would have been useful almost exclusively for fundamental research purposes are increasingly seen as having direct commercial value, and this has generated a new breed of company that focuses on leveraging novel research tools to discover new commercially valuable traits, genes, or compounds. Naturally, these companies are reluctant to share their “crown jewels” without making sure that their business interests are protected. Also of significance has been the changing role of universities, which are today actively using the patent system as a means of transferring its research results into the private sector and often conduct research that is sponsored by private companies.
REFERENCE:
Streitz, Wendy D., and Alan B. Bennett. “Material Transfer Agreements: A University Perspective.” Plant Physiology 133.1 (2003): 10–13. PMC. Web. 30 Mar. 2017.
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lunes, 27 de marzo de 2017
Infección de felinos con influenza H5N1
Existen varios reportes de infecciones de felinos con influenza H5N1. Este virus fué capaz de infectar gatos domésticos, tigres, leopardos, y leones. En todos los casos los felinos se cree que se infectaron por el consumo de carne de aves crudas, y que estaban contaminadas con influenza, ingresando a través de la tráquea. En todos los casos, los felinos tuvieron problemas respiratorios, fiebre y murieron poco después. La confirmación de la infección se realizó mediante pruebas moleculares que identificaron la cepa de influenza con el que enfermaron. Los casos reportados de infección por influenza en gatos domésticos son mas comunes, pero los casos documentados de felinos en vida salvaje son raros.
REFERENCIAS:
Kuiken T, et al. Avian H5N1 influenza in cats. Science. 2004 Oct 8;306(5694):241.
Keawcharoen, Juthatip et al. “Avian Influenza H5N1 in Tigers and Leopards.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 10.12 (2004): 2189–2191.
Chen, Quanjiao et al. “First Documented Case of Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus Infection in a Lion.” Emerging Microbes & Infections 5.12 (2016): e125–.
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REFERENCIAS:
Kuiken T, et al. Avian H5N1 influenza in cats. Science. 2004 Oct 8;306(5694):241.
Keawcharoen, Juthatip et al. “Avian Influenza H5N1 in Tigers and Leopards.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 10.12 (2004): 2189–2191.
Chen, Quanjiao et al. “First Documented Case of Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus Infection in a Lion.” Emerging Microbes & Infections 5.12 (2016): e125–.
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jueves, 23 de marzo de 2017
9º Simposio Internacional de Bioseguridad y Biocustodia 2017
VER PDF / INFORMES: https://amexbio.wildapricot.org/SIBB
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martes, 21 de marzo de 2017
Convocatoria Trabajos Libres #SIBB17
Ya se encuentra abierta la convocatoria para el envío de resúmenes para el 9º Simposio de Bioseguridad y Biocustodia, que se llevará a cabo en el Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública de Michoacán (LESPM), de Junio 7 al 10, 2017 en la ciudad de Morelia, Michoacán. Para más detalles en relación al formato y forma de envío, revisar la siguiente página electrónica: https://amexbio.wildapricot.org/TrabajosLibres
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lunes, 20 de marzo de 2017
Responsible life sciences research for global health security
Advances in life sciences research are inextricably linked to improvements in human, plant and animal health. Promotion of excellent, high-quality life sciences research that is conducted responsibly, safely and securely can foster global health security and contribute to economic development, evidence-informed policy making, public trust and confidence in science. Yet opportunities may also be accompanied by risks that need to be acknowledged and addressed. The risks under consideration in this guidance are those associated with accidents, with research that may pose unexpected risks and with the potential deliberate misuse of life sciences research. The opportunities offered by the life sciences are too important for governments and the scientific community (including individual researchers, laboratory managers, research institutions, professional associations, etc.) to leave the attendant risks unaddressed.
The purpose of this guidance is to inform about the risks posed by accidents or the potential deliberate misuse of life sciences research and to propose measures to minimize these risks within the context of promoting and harnessing the power of the life sciences to improve health for all people. Although the issues addressed in this document can potentially interest a quite large audience, the proposed measures and the selfassessment questionnaire are of a public health nature. Health researchers, laboratory managers and research institutions are therefore the primary audience of this guidance.
REFERENCE:
Responsible life sciences researchfor global health security. A guidance document
Publication details
Publication date: 2010
Languages: English
WHO reference number: WHO/HSE/GAR/BDP/2010.2
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The purpose of this guidance is to inform about the risks posed by accidents or the potential deliberate misuse of life sciences research and to propose measures to minimize these risks within the context of promoting and harnessing the power of the life sciences to improve health for all people. Although the issues addressed in this document can potentially interest a quite large audience, the proposed measures and the selfassessment questionnaire are of a public health nature. Health researchers, laboratory managers and research institutions are therefore the primary audience of this guidance.
REFERENCE:
Responsible life sciences researchfor global health security. A guidance document
Publication details
Publication date: 2010
Languages: English
WHO reference number: WHO/HSE/GAR/BDP/2010.2
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lunes, 13 de marzo de 2017
Synthetic biology approaches to biological containment: pre-emptively tackling potential risks
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| Routes to biological containment |
REFERENCE:
Torres, Leticia et al. “Synthetic Biology Approaches to Biological Containment: Pre-Emptively Tackling Potential Risks.” Ed. Vitor B. Pinheiro. Essays in Biochemistry 60.4 (2016): 393–410. PMC. Web. 8 Feb. 2017.
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lunes, 6 de marzo de 2017
Does Zika virus infection affect mosquito response to repellents?
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that people travelling to or living in areas with Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks or epidemics adopt prophylactic measures to reduce or eliminate mosquito bites, including the use of insect repellents. It is, however, unknown whether repellents are effective against ZIKV-infected mosquitoes, in part because of the ethical concerns related to exposing a human subject’s arm to infected mosquitoes in the standard arm-in-cage assay. We used a previously developed, human subject-free behavioural assay, which mimics a human subject to evaluate the top two recommended insect repellents. Our measurements showed that DEET provided significantly higher protection than picaridin provided against noninfected, host-seeking females of the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, and the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. When tested at lower doses, we observed a significant reduction in DEET-elicited protection against ZIKV-infected yellow fever mosquitoes from old and recent laboratory colonies. The reduction in protection is more likely associated with aging than the virus infection and could be compensated by applying a 5x higher dose of DEET. A substantial protection against ZIKV-infected and old noninfected mosquitoes was achieved with 5% DEET, which corresponds approximately to a 30% dose in the conventional arm-in-cage assays.
REFERENCE:
Leal WS, et al. Does Zika virus infection affect mosquito response to repellents? Sci Rep. 2017 Feb 16;7:42826.
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REFERENCE:
Leal WS, et al. Does Zika virus infection affect mosquito response to repellents? Sci Rep. 2017 Feb 16;7:42826.
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lunes, 27 de febrero de 2017
Guía NOM-010-STPS-2014, Agentes químicos contaminantes del ambiente laboral
La Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social, en ejercicio de sus atribuciones de normalización, publicó en el Diario Oficial de la Federación de fecha 28 de abril de 2014, la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-010-STPS-2014, Agentes químicos contaminantes del ambiente laboral - Reconocimiento, evaluación y control, misma que tiene por objeto establecer los procesos y las medidas para la prevención de riesgos a la salud del personal ocupacionalmente expuesto a agentes químicos contaminantes del ambiente laboral.
Dicha Norma rige en todo el territorio nacional y aplica a todos los centros de trabajo donde existan agentes químicos contaminantes del ambiente laboral, es decir, sustancias o mezclas capaces de modificar las condiciones ambientales del centro de trabajo y que, por sus propiedades, concentración, nivel y tiempo de exposición o acción, pueden alterar la salud de los trabajadores.
REFERENCIAS:
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Dicha Norma rige en todo el territorio nacional y aplica a todos los centros de trabajo donde existan agentes químicos contaminantes del ambiente laboral, es decir, sustancias o mezclas capaces de modificar las condiciones ambientales del centro de trabajo y que, por sus propiedades, concentración, nivel y tiempo de exposición o acción, pueden alterar la salud de los trabajadores.
REFERENCIAS:
- Guía Informativa de la Norma Oficial MexicanaNOM-010-STPS-2014, Agentes químicoscontaminantes del ambiente laboral -Reconocimiento, evaluación y control
- NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-010-STPS-2014, Agentes químicos contaminantes del ambiente laboral-Reconocimiento, evaluación y control.
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lunes, 20 de febrero de 2017
Control strategies against Campylobacter at the poultry production level
Campylobacteriosis is the most prevalent bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis affecting humans in the European Union, and ranks second in the United States only behind salmonellosis. In Europe, there are about nine million cases of campylobacteriosis every year, making the disease a major public health issue. Human cases are mainly caused by the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. The main source of contamination is handling or consumption of poultry meat. Poultry constitutes the main reservoir of Campylobacter, substantial quantities of which are found in the intestines following rapid, intense colonization. Reducing Campylobacter levels in the poultry chain would decrease the incidence of human campylobacteriosis. As primary production is a crucial step in Campylobacter poultry contamination, controlling the infection at this level could impact the following links along the food chain (slaughter, retail and consumption). This review describes the control strategies implemented during the past few decades in primary poultry production, including the most recent studies. In fact, the implementation of biosecurity and hygiene measures is described, as well as the immune strategy with passive immunization and vaccination trials and the nutritional strategy with the administration of organic and fatty acids, essential oil and plant-derived compound, probiotics, bacteriocins and bacteriophages.
REFERENCIA:
Meunier M, et al. Control strategies against Campylobacter at the poultry production level: biosecurity measures, feed additives and vaccination. J Appl Microbiol. 2016 May;120(5):1139-73.
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REFERENCIA:
Meunier M, et al. Control strategies against Campylobacter at the poultry production level: biosecurity measures, feed additives and vaccination. J Appl Microbiol. 2016 May;120(5):1139-73.
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jueves, 16 de febrero de 2017
Permeation of limonene through disposable nitrile gloves
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the permeation of the low-volatile solvent limonene through different disposable, unlined, unsupported, nitrile exam whole gloves (blue, purple, sterling, and lavender, from Kimberly-Clark).
METHODS: This study utilized a moving and static dextrous robot hand as part of a novel dynamic permeation system that allowed sampling at specific times. Quantitation of limonene in samples was based on capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the internal standard method (4-bromophenol).
RESULTS: The average post-permeation thicknesses (before reconditioning) for all gloves for both the moving and static hand were more than 10% of the pre-permeation ones (P ≤ 0.05), although this was not so on reconditioning. The standardized breakthrough times and steady-state permeation periods were similar for the blue, purple, and sterling gloves. Both methods had similar sensitivity. The lavender glove showed a higher permeation rate (0.490 ± 0.031 μg/cm2/min) for the moving robotic hand compared to the non-moving hand (P ≤ 0.05), this being ascribed to a thickness threshold.
CONCLUSIONS: Permeation parameters for the static and dynamic robot hand models indicate that both methods have similar sensitivity in detecting the analyte during permeation and the blue, purple, and sterling gloves behave similarly during the permeation process whether moving or non-moving.
REFERENCE:
Banaee S, Que Hee SS. PERMEATION OF LIMONENE THROUGH DISPOSABLE NITRILE GLOVES USING A DEXTROUS ROBOT HAND. J Occup Health. 2017 Jan 21.
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METHODS: This study utilized a moving and static dextrous robot hand as part of a novel dynamic permeation system that allowed sampling at specific times. Quantitation of limonene in samples was based on capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the internal standard method (4-bromophenol).
RESULTS: The average post-permeation thicknesses (before reconditioning) for all gloves for both the moving and static hand were more than 10% of the pre-permeation ones (P ≤ 0.05), although this was not so on reconditioning. The standardized breakthrough times and steady-state permeation periods were similar for the blue, purple, and sterling gloves. Both methods had similar sensitivity. The lavender glove showed a higher permeation rate (0.490 ± 0.031 μg/cm2/min) for the moving robotic hand compared to the non-moving hand (P ≤ 0.05), this being ascribed to a thickness threshold.
CONCLUSIONS: Permeation parameters for the static and dynamic robot hand models indicate that both methods have similar sensitivity in detecting the analyte during permeation and the blue, purple, and sterling gloves behave similarly during the permeation process whether moving or non-moving.
REFERENCE:
Banaee S, Que Hee SS. PERMEATION OF LIMONENE THROUGH DISPOSABLE NITRILE GLOVES USING A DEXTROUS ROBOT HAND. J Occup Health. 2017 Jan 21.
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lunes, 13 de febrero de 2017
EBSA upcoming events on #Biosafety
22
MAR 2017
7th
“Annual International Symposium on Biosafety and Biosecurity: Future Trends and
Solutions”
Milán,
Italy.
When: 22 March
2017 - 13:00 to 24 March 2017 - 14:00
25
APR 2017
20th
Annual meeting - EBSA conference
Madrid, Spain
When: 25 April
2017 - 09:00 to 28 April 2017 - 17:00
12
JUN 2017
IVBW18-
International Veterinary Biosafety Workgroup
When: 12 June 2017 - 10:00 to 15 June 2017
Brazil.
24
AUG 2017
SBNet -
11th Applied Biosafety Meeting
When: 24 August
2017 - 13:00 to 25 August 2017 - 17:00
Basel, Switzerland,
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martes, 7 de febrero de 2017
Aerosol Generation During Bone-Sawing Procedures in Veterinary Autopsies
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| elpais.com; NatGeo |
REFERENCES:
Wenner L, et al. Aerosol Generation During Bone-Sawing Procedures in Veterinary Autopsies. Vet Pathol. 2017 Jan 1:300985816688744. doi: 10.1177/0300985816688744.
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lunes, 30 de enero de 2017
Universal and reusable virus deactivation system for respiratory protection
Aerosolized pathogens are a leading cause of respiratory infection and transmission. Currently used protective measures pose potential risk of primary/secondary infection and transmission. Here, we report the development of a universal, reusable virus deactivation system by functionalization of the main fibrous filtration unit of surgical mask with sodium chloride salt. The salt coating on the fiber surface dissolves upon exposure to virus aerosols and recrystallizes during drying, destroying the pathogens. When tested with tightly sealed sides, salt-coated filters showed remarkably higher filtration efficiency than conventional mask filtration layer, and 100% survival rate was observed in mice infected with virus penetrated through salt-coated filters. Viruses captured on salt-coated filters exhibited rapid infectivity loss compared to gradual decrease on bare filters. Salt-coated filters proved highly effective in deactivating influenza viruses regardless of subtypes and following storage in harsh environmental conditions. Our results can be applied in obtaining a broad-spectrum, airborne pathogen prevention device in preparation for epidemic and pandemic of respiratory diseases.
REFERENCE:
Quan, Fu-Shi et al. “Universal and Reusable Virus Deactivation System for Respiratory Protection.” Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 39956. PMC. Web. 8 Jan. 2017.
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REFERENCE:
Quan, Fu-Shi et al. “Universal and Reusable Virus Deactivation System for Respiratory Protection.” Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 39956. PMC. Web. 8 Jan. 2017.
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lunes, 23 de enero de 2017
How to improve influenza vaccine coverage of healthcare personnel
Influenza causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide each year. Healthcare-associated influenza is a frequent event. Health care personnel (HCP) may be the source for infecting patients and may propagate nosocomial outbreaks. All HCP should receive a dose of influenza vaccine each year to protect themselves and others. This commentary will discuss the study recently published in the IJHPR by Nutman and Yoeli which assessed the beliefs and attitudes of HCP in an Israel hospital regarding influenza and the influenza vaccine. Unfortunately, as noted by Nutman and Yoeli in this issue many HCP in Israel choose not to receive influenza immunization and many harbor misconceptions regarding their risk for influenza as well as the benefits of influenza vaccine. We also discuss proven methods to increase acceptance by HCP for receiving an annual influenza vaccine.
REFERENCE:
Weber, David J., Orenstein W, and Rutala WA. “How to Improve Influenza Vaccine Coverage of Healthcare Personnel.” Israel Journal of Health Policy Research 5 (2016): 61. PMC. Web. 8 Jan. 2017.
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REFERENCE:
Weber, David J., Orenstein W, and Rutala WA. “How to Improve Influenza Vaccine Coverage of Healthcare Personnel.” Israel Journal of Health Policy Research 5 (2016): 61. PMC. Web. 8 Jan. 2017.
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jueves, 19 de enero de 2017
Occupational HIV infection in a research laboratory
A lab-worker was infected with HIV-1 in a biosafety level-2 of containment, without any apparent breach. Through full-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, we could identify the source of infection in a replication-competent clone, unknowingly contaminating a safe experiment. Mode of transmission remains unclear. Caution is warranted when handling HIV-derived constructs.
REFERENCE:
Soria A, Alteri C, Scarlatti G, et al. Occupational HIV infection in a research laboratory with unknown mode of transmission: a case report. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Dec 28.
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REFERENCE:
Soria A, Alteri C, Scarlatti G, et al. Occupational HIV infection in a research laboratory with unknown mode of transmission: a case report. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Dec 28.
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miércoles, 18 de enero de 2017
Entra en vigor la prohibición de la #FDA de usar guantes con talco
A partir de hoy, Enero 18 de 2017, entra en vigor la prohibición del uso de guantes con talco, tanto en instalaciones de atención a la salud como en áreas veterinarias, en virtud de que plantean peligros para la salud humana. El talco utilizado en todos los tipos de guantes se ha relacionado con muchos efectos adversos potencialmente graves, como inflamación grave de las vías respiratorias, reacciones de hipersensibilidad, reacciones alérgicas (incluida el asma), inflamación y daño pulmonar, granuloma y adherencias peritoneales. Las reacciones alérgicas respiratorias también pueden deberse a proteínas en el talco de guantes pulverizado, señala la FDA.
De acuerdo con el organismo oficial, se cuenta con alternativas sin talco para guantes, tanto de cirujanos como para la exploración de pacientes, y proporcionan protección similar, destreza y desempeño, pero sin ninguno de los riesgos asociados a los guantes con talco. "Por consiguiente, una transición a las alternativas disponibles en el comercio no debiera ir en detrimento de la salud pública". Las alternativas a este tipo de guantes, son el uso de guantes SIN TALCO. La prohibición incluye la fabricación, distribución, venta y uso de guantes con talco como producto final, por lo que es de esperarse que los fabricantes de Estados Unidos dejen de distribuir a otros países.
Con información de Medscape y FDA.gov
REFERENCIAS:
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De acuerdo con el organismo oficial, se cuenta con alternativas sin talco para guantes, tanto de cirujanos como para la exploración de pacientes, y proporcionan protección similar, destreza y desempeño, pero sin ninguno de los riesgos asociados a los guantes con talco. "Por consiguiente, una transición a las alternativas disponibles en el comercio no debiera ir en detrimento de la salud pública". Las alternativas a este tipo de guantes, son el uso de guantes SIN TALCO. La prohibición incluye la fabricación, distribución, venta y uso de guantes con talco como producto final, por lo que es de esperarse que los fabricantes de Estados Unidos dejen de distribuir a otros países.
Con información de Medscape y FDA.gov
REFERENCIAS:
- FDA: Banned Devices; Ban Powdered Surgeon’s Gloves,Powdered Patient Examination Gloves, andAbsorbable Powder for Lubricating a Surgeon’sGlove
- FDA Ban on Powdered Medical Gloves Applies to Veterinary Use
- Decisión final: La FDA prohíbe los guantes con talco en las intervenciones quirúrgicas y en la práctica clínica
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martes, 17 de enero de 2017
#Zika virus in asymptomatic blood donors in Martinique
Many aspects of Zika fever natural history remain unknown (eg, the proportion of asymptomatic cases and the duration of viremia). Estimating the prevalence of Zika infections is difficult because a large proportion of infected individuals do not seek medical attention, and seroprevalence studies are hampered by antigenic cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses (eg, dengue virus).11 Here, we present a study of ZIKV infection in blood donors from Martinique island (French West Indies, Caribbean region), with novel epidemiological, biological, and clinical information that refines the picture of Zika fever in adults.
REFERENCE:
Gallian P, et al. Zika virus in asymptomatic blood donors in Martinique. Blood. 2017 Jan 12;129(2):263-266.
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REFERENCE:
Gallian P, et al. Zika virus in asymptomatic blood donors in Martinique. Blood. 2017 Jan 12;129(2):263-266.
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lunes, 16 de enero de 2017
NOM-051-SCT2-2011, Clasificación de substancias infecciosas y embalaje
CONSIDERANDO:
Que es necesario establecer las disposiciones generales que se deben cumplir para el transporte de los envases y embalajes de las substancias peligrosas de la división 6.2 agentes infecciosos.
Que dada la importancia de la utilización de envases y embalajes de las substancias peligrosas de la división 6.2, es menester que se realice bajo condiciones que garanticen la seguridad en la prestación de los servicios de transporte, y que esto no represente un riesgo para la población y el medio ambiente.
Se publicó la:
NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-051-SCT2/2011, Especificaciones para la clasificación de las substancias infecciosas y especificaciones especiales y adicionales para la construcción y ensayo (prueba) de los envases y/o embalajes que transporten substancias infecciosas de la división 6.2, Categoría A.
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Que es necesario establecer las disposiciones generales que se deben cumplir para el transporte de los envases y embalajes de las substancias peligrosas de la división 6.2 agentes infecciosos.
Que dada la importancia de la utilización de envases y embalajes de las substancias peligrosas de la división 6.2, es menester que se realice bajo condiciones que garanticen la seguridad en la prestación de los servicios de transporte, y que esto no represente un riesgo para la población y el medio ambiente.
Se publicó la:
NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-051-SCT2/2011, Especificaciones para la clasificación de las substancias infecciosas y especificaciones especiales y adicionales para la construcción y ensayo (prueba) de los envases y/o embalajes que transporten substancias infecciosas de la división 6.2, Categoría A.
Guidance on regulations for the Transport of Infectious Substances 2015–2016 (Se actualizará en los próximos meses para el periodo 2017-2018.)
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lunes, 9 de enero de 2017
European agreement: International carriage of dangerous goods by road
This authoritative Agreement is intended to increase the safety of international transport of dangerous goods by road. Its Annexes A and B contain the technical requirements for road transport, i.e. the conditions under which dangerous goods, when authorized for transport, may be carried internationally, as well as uniform provisions concerning the construction and operation of vehicles carrying dangerous goods. They also establish international requirements and procedures for training and safety obligations of participants. The Agreement has been regularly amended and updated since its entry into force. This version has been prepared on the basis of amendments applicable as from 1 January 2017.
REFERENCE:
European agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by road.
United Nations 2016.
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viernes, 23 de diciembre de 2016
#HISTORY: The Spanish royal philanthropic expedition to bring #smallpox vaccination to the New World, XIX Century
The New World was ravaged by smallpox for several centuries after the Spanish conquest. Jenner's discovery of the smallpox vaccine made possible the prevention and control of smallpox epidemics. In response to a large outbreak of smallpox in the Spanish colonies, King Charles IV appointed Francisco Xavier de Balmis to lead an expedition that would introduce Jenner's vaccine to these colonies. During the journey, the vaccine was kept viable by passing it from arm to arm in orphaned children, who were brought along expressly for that purpose and remained under the care of the orphanage's director. This expedition was the first large scale mass vaccination of its kind. The historic legacy of this pioneering event in international health should be revisited in the current era of persistent inequalities in global health.
>> VER PELÍCULA (antes del 27DIC2016) <<
REFERENCIA:
Franco-Paredes C, Lammoglia L, Santos-Preciado JI. The Spanish royal philanthropic expedition to bring smallpox vaccination to the New World and Asia in the 19th century. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 1;41(9):1285-9.
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>> VER PELÍCULA (antes del 27DIC2016) <<
REFERENCIA:
Franco-Paredes C, Lammoglia L, Santos-Preciado JI. The Spanish royal philanthropic expedition to bring smallpox vaccination to the New World and Asia in the 19th century. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 1;41(9):1285-9.
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lunes, 19 de diciembre de 2016
Use of transgenic Aedes aegypti in Brazil: risk perception and assessment.
Este artículo se encuentra en ESPAÑOL / This article is translated in multi languages
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The OX513A strain of Aedes aegypti, which was developed by the British company Oxitec, expresses a self-limiting transgene that prevents larvae from developing to adulthood. In April 2014, the Brazilian National Technical Commission on Biosafety completed a risk assessment of OX513A and concluded that the strain did not present new biological risks to humans or the environment and could be released in Brazil. At that point, Brazil became the first country to approve the unconstrained release of a genetically modified mosquito. During the assessment, the commission produced a comprehensive list of - and systematically analysed - the perceived hazards. Such hazards included the potential survival to adulthood of immature stages carrying the transgene - should the transgene fail to be expressed or be turned off by exposure to sufficient environmental tetracycline. Other perceived hazards included the potential allergenicity and/or toxicity of the proteins expressed by the gene, the potential for gene flow or increased transmission of human pathogens and the occupation of vacant breeding sites by other vector species. The Zika epidemic both elevated the perceived importance of Ae. aegypti as a vector - among policy-makers and regulators as well as the general public - and increased concerns over the release of males of the OX513A strain. We have therefore reassessed the potential hazards. We found that release of the transgenic mosquitoes would still be both safe and of great potential value in the control of diseases spread by Ae. aegypti, such as chikungunya, dengue and Zika.
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The OX513A strain of Aedes aegypti, which was developed by the British company Oxitec, expresses a self-limiting transgene that prevents larvae from developing to adulthood. In April 2014, the Brazilian National Technical Commission on Biosafety completed a risk assessment of OX513A and concluded that the strain did not present new biological risks to humans or the environment and could be released in Brazil. At that point, Brazil became the first country to approve the unconstrained release of a genetically modified mosquito. During the assessment, the commission produced a comprehensive list of - and systematically analysed - the perceived hazards. Such hazards included the potential survival to adulthood of immature stages carrying the transgene - should the transgene fail to be expressed or be turned off by exposure to sufficient environmental tetracycline. Other perceived hazards included the potential allergenicity and/or toxicity of the proteins expressed by the gene, the potential for gene flow or increased transmission of human pathogens and the occupation of vacant breeding sites by other vector species. The Zika epidemic both elevated the perceived importance of Ae. aegypti as a vector - among policy-makers and regulators as well as the general public - and increased concerns over the release of males of the OX513A strain. We have therefore reassessed the potential hazards. We found that release of the transgenic mosquitoes would still be both safe and of great potential value in the control of diseases spread by Ae. aegypti, such as chikungunya, dengue and Zika.
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Uso de Aedes aegypti transgénicos en Brasil: percepción y evaluación de riesgos
La cepa OX513A de Aedes aegypti, que desarrolló la empresa británica Oxitec, expresa un transgén autolimitado que impide que las larvas se desarrollen hasta la edad adulta. En abril de 2014, la Comisión Nacional Técnica de Bioseguridad de Brasil realizó una evaluación de riesgos de OX513A y concluyó que la cepa no presentaba nuevos riesgos biológicos para los humanos o el medioambiente y que podría liberarse en Brasil. En ese momento, Brasil se convirtió en el primer país en aprobar la liberación ilimitada de un mosquito modificado genéticamente. A lo largo de la evaluación, la comisión redactó una lista completa, y analizada sistemáticamente, de las posibles contingencias. Entre dichos peligros se encontraba la posible supervivencia hasta la edad adulta de etapas inmaduras que portan el transgén, en caso de que éste no consiga expresarse o se inutilice debido a la exposición a la suficiente tetraciclina medioambiental. Otras posibles contingencias eran la alergia y/o toxicidad de las proteínas expresadas por el gen, la posibilidad de un flujo genético o el aumento de la transmisión de patógenos humanos y la ocupación de lugares de cría desocupados por parte de otras especies vectores. La epidemia por el virus de Zika aumentó la importancia de Ae. aegypti como vector, entre los responsables y reguladores políticos, así como entre el público general, y aumentó las preocupaciones acerca de la liberación de machos de la cepa OX513A. Por lo tanto, se han vuelto a evaluar los posibles riesgos. Se ha descubierto que la liberación de mosquitos transgénicos sería segura y tendría un gran valor potencial en el control de la propagación de enfermedades por Ae. aegypti, como la fiebre chikungunya, el dengue y la enfermedad por el virus de Zika.
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REFERENCE:
Paes de Andrade P, et al. Use of transgenic Aedes aegypti in Brazil: risk perception and assessment. Bull World Health Organ. 2016 Oct 1;94(10):766-771.-----------------------------------------------------------
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sábado, 17 de diciembre de 2016
Película completa "22 angeles" online, por RTVE. Hasta Dic 27, 2016. #viruela
Ya pueden verla en línea. Disponible hasta el 27 de diciembre de 2016.
Gran historia basada en hechos reales: la expedición encabezada por el doctor Francisco Javier Balmis que llevó la vacuna de la viruela a las Américas a comienzos del siglo XIX.
En el barco en el que emprenden la travesía viajan 22 niños, los portadores de la vacuna de la viruela “brazo a brazo”. Junto a ellos, la directora de un orfanato de A Coruña, Isabel Cendal, la encargada de encontrar a los “22 ángeles” y la persona que se ocupará de ellos a lo largo de toda la travesía. Una mujer en un barco lleno de rudos marineros, pero donde también viaja el ayudante del doctor Balmis, el doctor Salvany.
>> VER COMPLETO "22 ÀNGELES" <<
http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/22-angeles/22-angeles-cap-1-hd/3827192/
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Gran historia basada en hechos reales: la expedición encabezada por el doctor Francisco Javier Balmis que llevó la vacuna de la viruela a las Américas a comienzos del siglo XIX.
En el barco en el que emprenden la travesía viajan 22 niños, los portadores de la vacuna de la viruela “brazo a brazo”. Junto a ellos, la directora de un orfanato de A Coruña, Isabel Cendal, la encargada de encontrar a los “22 ángeles” y la persona que se ocupará de ellos a lo largo de toda la travesía. Una mujer en un barco lleno de rudos marineros, pero donde también viaja el ayudante del doctor Balmis, el doctor Salvany.
>> VER COMPLETO "22 ÀNGELES" <<
http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/22-angeles/22-angeles-cap-1-hd/3827192/
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martes, 13 de diciembre de 2016
Revista Mexicana de Bioseguridad 2016
La Asociación Mexicana de Bioseguridad presentó la nueva Revista MExicana de Bioseguridad 2016, que contiene como artículo principal los Lineamientos para la Gestión de Riesgo Biológico, un gran esfuerzo de profesionales de Bioseguridad en México, con base en el CWA15793: Laboratory Biorisk Management 2018. La revista contiene además, el archivo fotográfico y resúmenes de trabajos libres del 8º Simposio de Bioseguridad y Biocustodia desarrollado en 2016. Pueden descargar la revista y sus ediciones anteriores desde la página: http://amexbio.wildapricot.org/RevistaSigue este Blog en Facebook y Twitter
lunes, 5 de diciembre de 2016
Establishing protocols for tick containment at Biosafety Level 4.
Tick-borne diseases continue to emerge and have a great impact on public health and agriculture. In addition, many of the agents of tick-borne diseases, which are classified as Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) viruses, have the potential to be used as biothreat agents. In spite of the known importance of these pathogens, there is an acute shortage of facilities and trained personnel to study the pathogenesis of tick-borne diseases and to assess vaccine as well as other therapeutic interventions against tick-borne diseases as they are transmitted in nature. We, at the Galveston National Laboratory, have developed facilities and protocols to safely work with BSL4 virus-infected ticks. This capability adds tremendous value to the Nation's training and research endeavors. In this report we describe the procedures and protocols to establish tick work in a BSL4 laboratory.
REFERENCE:
Thangamani S, Bente D. Establishing protocols for tick containment at Biosafety Level 4. Pathog Dis. 2014 Jul;71(2):282-5.
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Thangamani S, Bente D. Establishing protocols for tick containment at Biosafety Level 4. Pathog Dis. 2014 Jul;71(2):282-5.
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lunes, 28 de noviembre de 2016
Preparation of viral samples within biocontainment for ultrastructural analysis
Transmission electron microscopy can be used to observe the ultrastructure of viruses and other microbial pathogens with nanometer resolution. In a transmission electron microscope (TEM), the image is created by passing an electron beam through a specimen with contrast generated by electron scattering from dense elements in the specimen. Viruses do not normally contain dense elements, so a negative stain that places dense heavy metal salts around the sample is added to create a dark border. To prepare a virus sample for a negative stain transmission electron microscopy, a virus suspension is applied to a TEM grid specimen support, which is a 3mm diameter fragile specimen screen coated with a few nanometers of plastic film. Then, deionized (dI) water rinses and a negative stain solution are applied to the grid. All infectious viruses must be handled in a biosafety cabinet (BSC) and many require a biocontainment laboratory environment. Staining viruses in biosafety levels (BSL) 3 and 4 is especially challenging because the support grids are small, fragile, and easily moved by air currents. In this study we evaluated a new device for negative staining viruses called mPrep/g capsule. It is a capsule that holds up to two TEM grids during all processing steps and for storage after staining is complete. This study reports that the mPrep/g capsule method is valid and effective to negative stain virus specimens, especially in high containment laboratory environments.
REFERENCE:
Monninger MK, et al. Preparation of viral samples within biocontainment for ultrastructural analysis: Utilization of an innovative processing capsule for negative staining. J Virol Methods. 2016 Dec;238:70-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.10.005. PubMed PMID: 27751950.
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Monninger MK, et al. Preparation of viral samples within biocontainment for ultrastructural analysis: Utilization of an innovative processing capsule for negative staining. J Virol Methods. 2016 Dec;238:70-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.10.005. PubMed PMID: 27751950.
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martes, 22 de noviembre de 2016
#VIDEO: Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory
Biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) suit laboratories are specifically designed to study high-consequence pathogens for which neither infection prophylaxes nor treatment options exist. The hallmarks of these laboratories are: custom-designed airtight doors, dedicated supply and exhaust airflow systems, a negative-pressure environment, and mandatory use of positive-pressure (“space”) suits. The risk for laboratory specialists working with highly pathogenic agents is minimized through rigorous training and adherence to stringent safety protocols and standard operating procedures. Researchers perform the majority of their work in BSL-2 laboratories and switch to BSL-4 suit laboratories when work with a high-consequence pathogen is required. Collaborators and scientists considering BSL-4 projects should be aware of the challenges associated with BSL-4 research both in terms of experimental technical limitations in BSL-4 laboratory space and the increased duration of such experiments. Tasks such as entering and exiting the BSL-4 suit laboratories are considerably more complex and time-consuming compared to BSL-2 and BSL-3 laboratories. The focus of this particular article is to address basic biosafety concerns and describe the entrance and exit procedures for the BSL-4 laboratory at the NIH/NIAID Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick. Such procedures include checking external systems that support the BSL-4 laboratory, and inspecting and donning positive-pressure suits, entering the laboratory, moving through air pressure-resistant doors, and connecting to air-supply hoses. We will also discuss moving within and exiting the BSL-4 suit laboratories, including using the chemical shower and removing and storing positive-pressure suits.
REFERENCE:
Janosko, Krisztina et al. “Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 1. Biosafety Level 4 Suit Laboratory Suite Entry and Exit Procedures.” Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE 116 (2016): 52317. PMC. Web. 17 Nov. 2016.
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REFERENCE:
Janosko, Krisztina et al. “Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 1. Biosafety Level 4 Suit Laboratory Suite Entry and Exit Procedures.” Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE 116 (2016): 52317. PMC. Web. 17 Nov. 2016.
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lunes, 14 de noviembre de 2016
Containment of Arthropod Disease Vectors
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| Arthropods |
Scott TW. Containment of arthropod disease vectors. ILAR J. 2005;46(1):53-61. Review.
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